《木工理论与实践》· Woodwork in Theory and Practice · John A. Walton · 1947

本书由澳大利亚木工教育者约翰·A·沃尔顿（John A. Walton）编写，1947 年由伦敦与悉尼的 George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd. 初版，与 Australasian Publishing Co. Pty. Ltd. 联合出版。全书面向中学与技校学生以及业余木工爱好者，力求完整覆盖木工技法与工艺技术的各个阶段——从工具的分类、使用与保养，到钉子、螺丝、胶与柜用五金等材料；从木工技术术语与各类接合的构造细节，到木材的生长、干缩、干燥、制材、缺陷、防腐与涂饰；再到商用木材（澳洲本地与进口的硬木、软木）、薄木与胶合板、家具风格与设计，以及木工机械。书中配有大量专门绘制的插图与分步工序说明。

目录 · Contents

第一部分 · 工具使用 · SECTION ONE — TOOLS USED FOR WOODWORKING

• p.1 · 木工工具的分类 · Classification of Woodworking Tools
  按用途把手工木工工具分为四大类——夹持与支撑工具、几何量具、切削工具、敲击与冲压工具；切削工具再按切削方式细分为削切与刨削、磨削与刮削、钻孔三小节，锯归入磨削类。
  EN · Divides hand tools into four groups by use — holding and supporting, geometrical, cutting, and percussion and impelling — and splits cutting tools into paring and shaving, abrading and scraping, and boring subsections.

• p.4 · 木工工具的描述与用途 · Description and Uses of Woodworking Tools
  用图版 1–23 逐一讲解各主要工具的构造与用途，从工作台、台钳、台面挡块，到削端台、斜切盒、板料托板等夹持与支撑辅具讲起。
  EN · Describes and illustrates the construction and uses of the main tools, starting with the bench, vice, bench stop, shooting board and mitre box.

• p.44 · 直凿详解——构造与用途 · The Firmer Chisel in Detail—Parts and Uses
  讲直凿各部分的名称与作用（刃身、榫舌、肩、颈），并给出安全用法：削切时身体各部位都要留在刃口之后，用木槌凿眼时刃口须横跨木纹，以免木料劈裂。
  EN · Names the parts of the firmer chisel — blade, tang, shoulder and neck — with the safety rules: keep the body behind the cutting edge when paring, and keep the edge across the grain when mortising.

• p.45 · 榫头锯详解——构造与用途 · The Tenon Saw in Detail—Parts and Uses
  说明榫头锯的构造——长约 14 英寸的优质回火钢锯条，以黄铜或钢制背脊加固以防弯曲；并讲锯齿形状、锯柄用材与握持方法、以及纵剖时的用法。
  EN · Covers the tenon saw’s 14-in. tempered-steel blade stiffened by a brass or steel back, its tooth shape, handle timber and grip, and its use for ripping.

• p.47 · 木制万能刨详解——构造与用途 · The Wooden Jack Plane in Detail—Parts and Uses
  木制万能刨用于较快速地去除木料表面的粗糙层、把料刨到大致方正；刨身选用英国红榉，看中的是它组织均匀、干燥后不易变形、坚韧顺纹、耐磨且易加工。
  EN · The wooden jack plane removes rough surface wood quickly and brings it approximately true; its body is English red beech for its even texture, stability, toughness and even wear.

• p.50 · 组合刨、多用刨与通用刨 · The Combination, Multi and Universal Planes
  这一类金属刨可完成起槽、裁口和起线等多种作业。其中组合刨（如 Stanley No. 50、Record No. 050A）最小最轻，可作起槽、裁口和开槽底三种用途。
  EN · Metal planes covering grooving, rebating and moulding; the combination plane (Stanley No. 50, Record No. 050A) is the smallest and lightest of the multi-purpose planes.

第二部分 · 材料 · SECTION TWO — MATERIALS

• p.55 · 钉子及其用途 · Nails and Their Uses
  钉子由钉头、钉杆和钉尖构成，多以低碳钢制成；暴露处用镀锌钉，船用则用铜钉或黄铜钉。钉子按钉头形状、截面形状和用途命名，如菱头钉、圆头钉、屋顶钉、板条钉、饰面钉、木皮钉等。
  EN · Nails possess a head, shank and point, mostly of mild steel with galvanised, copper or brass types for special service; the varieties are named by head shape, cross section and use.

• p.59 · 螺丝及其用途 · Screws and Their Uses
  木螺丝多为低碳钢、铜或黄铜，由钉头、钉杆和螺纹组成；螺纹把螺丝拉入木料，握持力优于钉子。螺丝按钉头形状命名（沉头、圆头、凸头、方头等），用于拼板、加固接合与安装铰链、锁具等五金。
  EN · Wood screws, of mild steel, copper or brass, consist of head, shank and thread; the thread draws the screw in and holds better than nails. Named by head shape, they join timber, strengthen joints and fix hardware.

• p.62 · 胶及其用途 · Glues and Their Uses
  讲动物胶（皮胶）的制造——在真空锅中加热脱水、浓缩成稠液、入模冷却成胶块、切块后干燥；并比较酪素胶、人造树脂胶等胶种的特性、优缺点与适用场合。
  EN · Describes the making of animal hide glue — vacuum-pan evaporation, running into moulds, cutting into cakes and drying — and compares casein and artificial resin glues.

• p.68 · 柜用五金 · Cabinet Hardware
  用图版 28–32 图示柜体常用五金件，说明其种类与用途。
  EN · Plates 28 to 32 illustrate some of the common fittings and hardware used in cabinetwork.

第三部分 · 技术术语与接合 · SECTION THREE — TECHNICAL TERMS AND JOINTS

• p.75 · 木工技术术语（术语表） · Technical Terms Used in Woodwork (a Glossary)
  一份木工术语表，逐条定义锯切、刨削、削端、棱边、起槽、裁口、斜接、企口等基本概念——锯材称”粗料”（Rough Timber），刨光料称”净料”（Dressed Timber）。
  EN · A glossary defining sawing, planing, shooting, arris edge, grooving, rebating, mitring and gauges — sawn timber being “rough timber” and planed timber “dressed timber”.

• p.79 · 接合的分类与用途 · Classification and Uses of Joints
  按用途把接合分类，说明各类接合的用途与强度，涵盖擦胶拼宽接合、暗销接、斜接，以及各类燕尾接合（含半隐燕尾、斜接燕尾、搭接燕尾等）；廉价木作则以波纹扣件拼板。
  EN · Classifies joints by use and explains their purpose and strength — the rubbed glued and dowelled joints, the mitre and the dovetail family — with corrugated fasteners used for cheap constructional work.

• p.89 · 木料备料至规定尺寸（流程） · Preparation of Timber to Sizes (Procedure)
  给出把每块构件加工到规定尺寸的标准工序——先刨出基准面与基准边并打上标记，再按基准依次锯、刨到长、宽、厚；并附检验平直与方正的方法。
  EN · Sets out the correct order of preparing every member to size — establishing and marking the face side and face edge, then working to length, width and thickness, with tests for flatness and squareness.

• p.91 · 接合的构造细节 · Constructional Details of Joints
  自”擦胶拼接”（拼宽接合）起，用图版 38–53 逐一给出各类接合的分步制作工序——划线、锯、凿、修削与试装。
  EN · From the rubbed glued joint onwards, works through the constructional details of each joint step by step — setting out, sawing, chopping, paring and assembling — with plates 38 to 53.

• p.125 · 实操考核件制作 · Construction of Practical Tests
  讲课程实操考核的做法——按试卷把各构件标记为 A:A、B:B 后就位（基准面朝上、基准边在内），再按图逐一完成指定的接合，并附 1938 年实测题目的说明。
  EN · Shows how examination test pieces are marked A:A, B:B and assembled — face side up, face edge inside — before the joints shown are worked, with notes on the 1938 Test.

• p.133 · 柜内搁板的支撑方式（图例） · Methods of Supporting Shelves in Cabinets (Illustrations)
  以图例介绍几种支搁板的做法——嵌槽接合、木条托、固定在柜体上的可调搁板条；并说明这些做法如何加固柜体、防止端面木纹外露。
  EN · Illustrates ways of carrying shelves — housed joints, cleats, and adjustable strips screwed to the carcase — and how they strengthen it and hide end grain.

• p.134 · 桌面的固定方式（图例） · Methods of Securing Table Tops (Illustrations)
  固定方法取决于桌架构造与台面材料（实木或胶合板）。实木台面须为木材的胀缩留出余量，可用开槽的滑轨配木质或金属”纽扣”固定；胶合板台面另有做法。
  EN · The method depends on the construction of the frame and the material used for the top; solid wood must allow for its working, using grooved rails with wooden or metal buttons, while plywood tops are treated differently.

• p.135 · 单嵌板门框制作法（图例） · Method of Making a Single Panelled Door Frame (Illustrations)
  以图版给出单嵌板门框（边框、上下冒头与嵌板）的构造与制作要点。
  EN · A plate-based treatment of making a single panelled door frame — stiles, rails and panel.

• p.136 · 抽屉制作法（图例） · Method of Making a Drawer (Illustrations)
  说明抽屉各部件的做法——前脸刨到与柜体洞口贴合；两侧板与抽屉空间同高、上缘渐收；后板比前脸窄，宽度随底板槽口上缘的高度而定，上缘修圆；并给出划线就位的方法。
  EN · Covers the parts of a drawer — front planed to fit the carcase opening, sides tapered along the top, back narrower than the front and rounded along the top — with its setting out.

• p.137 · 墙塞与墙上固定法 · Wall Plugs and Wall Plugging
  把壁柜、挂镜线、搁板托等固定到砖、混凝土和砌体墙上时，钉子或螺丝几乎没有握持力，须先在墙上埋塞（木塞或成品金属胀塞）；木塞宜用雪松，并略带扭曲以增强握持。
  EN · Fixing cabinets, picture rails and shelf brackets to brick, concrete or masonry walls needs plugs — wooden or patented metal — since screws alone would have little holding power; cedar plugs with a slight twist grip best.

第四部分 · 木材——干缩·干燥·制材·涂饰等 · SECTION FOUR — TIMBER, SHRINKAGE, SEASONING, CONVERSION, FINISHES, ETC.

• p.139 · 木材的生长、构造与性质 · Growth, Structure and Properties of Timber
  木材取自”外长树”（exogens）——新的木质层在树干与枝条外侧逐年增添。木材由无数管状细胞紧密排列、首尾相连而成，细胞种类不同，在生长树中各司其职，由此决定木材的构造与性质。
  EN · Timber is the product of exogenous trees, which add new layers of wood on the outside; it is built of countless tube-like cells of different kinds, each with a special function in the growing tree.

• p.145 · 木材的干缩 · Shrinkage of Timber
  干燥分两个阶段：先脱去细胞腔内的自由水，再脱去细胞壁内的结合水。干缩只发生在第二阶段——细胞壁失水后本身变小，板材随之收缩，这正是木作变形的根源。
  EN · Drying has two stages — the removal of free water from the cell cavities, then of combined moisture from the cell walls; shrinkage occurs only in the second, when the walls themselves become smaller.

• p.147 · 木材的干燥 · Seasoning of Timber
  干燥即把细胞腔与细胞壁中的水分晾去，使木材含水率降到使用环境的水平，从而把干缩减到最小，并防止腐朽、翘曲与开裂。分自然干燥（风干）与人工干燥（窑干）两种。
  EN · Seasoning dries out the sap in the cell cavities and walls to the moisture content of the place of use, minimising shrinkage and preventing decay, warping and splitting — by air or by kiln.

• p.150 · 木材的制材 · Conversion of Timber
  讲把原木锯解成板材的不同锯法——弦切与径切等，比较各锯法在干燥中的变形、出材率与适用场合上的差别。
  EN · Covers the ways of converting a log into boards — back sawing and quarter sawing — and compares their behaviour, yield and suitability.

• p.152 · 商用尺寸与木材交易 · Trade Sizes and Marketing Timber
  介绍市售木材的规格与分级销售做法，含 No.1 Clears、No.2 Clears、Selected Merchantable 等品级的判定标准。
  EN · Explains the trade sizes and the grading of marketed timber, including the No. 1 and No. 2 Clears and the Selected Merchantable grades.

• p.155 · 木材的缺陷 · Defects in Timber
  缺陷指木料中或表面任何会降低强度、耐久性或使用价值的异常。成因有雷击、大风、火灾、病害、虫菌，以及砍伐与干燥时的疏忽；常见的有树瘤、表层硬化、开裂（端裂、内裂）等。
  EN · A defect is any irregularity occurring in or on the timber that may lower its strength, durability or utility value; causes range from lightning, wind and fire to disease, insects and careless felling or seasoning — burls, case hardening, checks and more.

• p.158 · 虫害造成的缺陷 · Defects Caused by Insects
  蛀虫按侵害对象分三类——活树、未干木料与已干木料。活树多遭天牛、吉丁虫和木蠹蛾的幼虫蛀食；干材则以粉蠹（Lyctus）和家具蠹虫（Anobium）危害最重。
  EN · Wood borers fall into three groups — those attacking living trees, unseasoned timber and seasoned timber — with longicorn and jewel beetles and wood moths in the first, and Lyctus and Anobium borers in the last.

• p.161 · 木材的防腐 · Preservation of Timber
  讲木材的防腐处理——用杂酚油涂刷或浸渍、表面炭化，以及在地基与木构件之间加金属隔板、用杂酚油与氯化锌处理基础周边土壤等防白蚁做法，并列举天然耐久的树种。
  EN · Covers preservation — creosote brushing or soaking, charring, and metal shields between foundations and woodwork against termites — and names naturally durable species.

• p.163 · 木材的涂饰 · Timber Finishes
  讲室内木作用的各种保护与饰面处理，并说明涂饰产品的一般组成——成膜的基料（Body/Base）、作载体的液体（Vehicle），以及溶剂与稀释剂。
  EN · Deals with the protection and finishing of interior woodwork and explains how finishes are built up — a body or base, a vehicle, and a solvent or thinner.

• p.174 · 木材的装饰 · Ornamentation of Timber
  装饰应突出作品的总体轮廓，在不损实用性的前提下为之增色。文中列举利用天然花纹的木材、镶嵌（inlaying）、贴薄木、拼花等手法。
  EN · Ornamentation should emphasise the general outline of the work and enrich it without interfering with its usefulness — figured timber, inlaying, veneering, parquetry and the like.

• p.177 · 线脚——罗马与希腊基本形制 · Mouldings—Roman and Grecian Basic Forms
  线脚是刨在构件表面与边棱上的装饰性剖面，可手工或机械加工。文中介绍其分类（如连接线脚中的平线、圆线/珠线、凹圆、反凹圆等）以及罗马与希腊的基本线脚形制。
  EN · Mouldings are ornamental profiles worked on the surfaces and edges of members by hand or machine; the chapter sets out the families of mouldings and the basic Roman and Grecian forms.

第五部分 · 商用木材 · SECTION FIVE — COMMERCIAL TIMBERS

• p.179 · 澳洲有孔材（硬木） · Australian Pored Woods (Hardwoods)
  先说明”硬木/软木”的叫法易生误解（所谓硬木中也有极软的树种），改用”有孔材/无孔材”才准确。其后按《澳洲木材命名》的通用商品名，逐一介绍澳洲有孔材的分布、密度、组织、纹理、材性与用途。
  EN · Notes that “hardwood” and “softwood” are misleading and that “pored” and “non-pored” are accurate instead; then lists Australian pored woods by standard trade name with density, texture, grain, qualities and uses.

• p.187 · 澳洲无孔材（软木） · Australian Non-Pored Woods (Softwoods)
  同样体例介绍澳洲本地的无孔材（软木）——分布、树形、材色、密度、组织、纹理、材性与用途。
  EN · The same treatment for Australia’s non-pored (soft) woods — distribution, the tree, colour, density, texture, grain, qualities and uses.

• p.190 · 进口木材——有孔材（硬木） · Imported Timbers—Pored Woods (Hardwoods)
  介绍进口的有孔材（硬木），如太平洋枫、白蜡等，逐项说明分布、密度、纹理、加工性能与用途（如白蜡韧而富弹性，适于工具柄、运动器材）。
  EN · Imported hardwoods such as Pacific maple and ash, described by distribution, density, grain, working qualities and uses — ash being tough and elastic for tool handles and sporting goods.

• p.191 · 进口木材——无孔材（软木） · Imported Timbers—Non-Pored Woods (Softwoods)
  介绍进口的无孔材（软木）——分布、材色、密度、组织、纹理、材性与用途，多为质轻、易加工、适合作箱盒与室内木作的树种。
  EN · Imported softwoods, with their distribution, colour, density, texture, grain, qualities and uses — light, easily worked and suited to box making and interior joinery.

第六部分 · 薄木·胶合板·纤维板 · SECTION SIX — VENEERS, PLYWOOD, FIBRE BOARDS

• p.195 · 薄木及其制造 · Veneers and Their Manufacture
  薄木是一层薄木片，厚度自 1/120 英寸起。使用薄木便于从一块花纹珍贵的木料取得大量饰面材料，也让带独特纹理的木料得以应用；文中讲其用途、优势、切割方法与拼配方式。
  EN · A thin layer or sheet of wood, from 1/120 in. in thickness upward; its use yields many sheets from one highly figured log and allows unusual grain effects, together with methods of cutting and matching.

• p.198 · 胶合板与实心芯材——制造与用途 · Plywood and Solid Corestock—Manufacture and Uses
  胶合板是把两层或多层薄木胶合而成，层数通常为奇数（3 到 13 层），相邻层木纹交叉。这种平衡构造使内应力相互抵消，把变形减到最小，也便于在靠近边缘处钉、拧。文中一并讲实心芯材板。
  EN · Plywood is made by gluing two or more layers of veneer, usually an odd number from 3 to 13 with the grain at right angles; the balanced construction equalises stresses and reduces movement. Solid corestock is covered too.

• p.201 · 贴薄木工艺——历史、工具与流程 · Veneering—History, Tools and Veneering Processes
  追溯贴薄木的历史——从最初的机械刨床到现代切片机，同期美国取得第一台薄木旋切车床的专利，而圆锯因锯路浪费过大而被淘汰；并讲薄木与胶合板须干燥到与环境相平衡的含水率（约 8%–15%）再使用。
  EN · Traces veneering from the early mechanical planer and the first veneer lathe patent to modern slicers and discarded circular saws, and stresses drying veneers and plywood to the equilibrium moisture content of about 8–15%.

• p.209 · 纤维板——Masonite 与 Cane-ite——制造与用途 · Fibre Boards—Masonite and Cane-ite—Manufacture and Uses
  讲纤维板的制造——木纤维成浆后交织成”湿毯”，经辊压挤出水分并压紧，修边裁切、干燥成板；并介绍 Masonite、Cane-ite 等品种的用途。
  EN · Fibre boards are made by forming interlaced fibres into a wet lap, rolling out the excess water and compressing it, then trimming, cutting and drying — covering Masonite and Cane-ite and their uses.

第七部分 · 家具风格——设计与构造 · SECTION SEVEN — FURNITURE STYLES, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

• p.212 · 家具风格札记——意大利、法国、英国 · Notes on Furniture Styles—Italian, French, English
  从古代讲起——正是石、铜、陶质的器物留存下来，让我们得以窥见埃及、希腊、罗马的家具样式；随后逐一梳理意大利、法国与英国的家具风格演变，如 15–16 世纪文艺复兴的早期、盛期与晚期各具特色。
  EN · Begins with antiquity, where articles of stone, bronze and pottery survive to show Egyptian, Greek and Roman work, then follows Italian, French and English styles through the Renaissance phases.

• p.243 · 家具设计与构造 · Furniture Design and Construction
  讲木材的性质对设计的硬性约束——结构大体只能限于平直方整，设计时必须始终顾及所用材料的特性；并讲到施工放样板（working rod）与按图制作模型的一般程序。
  EN · The nature of the material rigidly limits design — construction is in the main confined to a straight and square quality — so wood must always be kept in mind; the working rod and the procedure for building models follow.

• p.246 · 实用木作实例 · Examples of Practical Woodwork
  用图版 86–99 给出实用木作项目的施工图，部分还给出放样板；每例附所需材料与下料单，如书立（Book Ends）、车旋标准灯等。
  EN · Plates 86 to 99 give working drawings, and in some cases the setting out of working boards or rods, for practical projects — each with a material list and a cutting list, such as book ends and a turned standard lamp.

• p.283 · 考试题 · Examination Questions
  汇编木工课程考试题目，按工具、材料等门类分列——如画出并命名直凿、万能刨、划线规等工具的各部件并说明用途，以及玻璃砂纸与石榴石砂纸的区别。
  EN · A collection of examination questions grouped by subject — sketching and naming the parts of the firmer chisel, jack plane and marking gauge and stating their uses, and the difference between glass paper and garnet paper.

第八部分 · 木工机械 · SECTION EIGHT — WOODWORKING MACHINE TOOLS

• p.293 · 木工车床、带锯、线锯与圆锯 · The Woodturning Lathe, the Band Saw, the Jig Saw, the Circular Saw
  近年来小型台式与便携木工机械的发展，使机器在工坊中日渐普及；这些机械是由手工工具演变而来的省力装置。文中强调机械操作的危险性，也讲到制造商为降低风险所做的改进——直连电机驱动、改良轴承、护罩、封闭齿轮与安全开关等。
  EN · Small bench and portable woodworking machines are increasingly used in the workshop; developed from hand tools, they can be dangerous, and makers have reduced the hazard with direct motor drive, improved bearings, guards, enclosed gears and safety switches.

• p.311 · 索引 · Index
  全书索引，按字母顺序列出条目与页码。
  EN · Alphabetical index to the volume.