《日常木工》封面

《日常木工》· Everyday Woodworking · Rex Krueger · Skyhorse Publishing 2021

《Everyday Woodworking》是美国木工作者 Rex Krueger 于 2021 年由 Skyhorse Publishing 出版的入门木作书,副题为”木作入门:用 12 件手工具”(A Beginner’s Guide to Woodcraft with 12 Hand Tools)。全书只推荐 12 件手工具,总价约 300 美元,比一台廉价台锯还便宜,且能用上几十年。

作者在导言中提出”为人而作的木工”这一主张:与其一开始就买台锯、曲线锯、修边机、电钻和砂光机,不如先买几件好手工具,学会锯直线、砍曲线和刻细节;他结合自己职业家具制作者的经历指出,电动工具把人与作品隔开,而手工具能训练双手、让人真正了解木材。

全书 22 章按”一件工具配一个项目”的节奏推进:斧与刀之后是木桩、门挡、木黄油刀等第一批小件;测量画线、锯与锯切、钻孔等技法各占一章;锯木马、脱靴器、书桌收纳盒、砧板等小型家具项目穿插其中;到第 16 章才讲第一个榫接合,随后是木槌、挤奶凳、工作台、工具提篮、餐巾环,最后以表面处理与进阶方向作结。

全书用 12 件工具即可完成全部项目,强调以知识代替设备,适合没有工作室、预算有限的初学者从零起步,也适合想摆脱机械、回归手作的木工重新入门。

目录 · Contents


入门与木材认知 · GETTING STARTED AND KNOWING WOOD

  • p.1 · 从这里开始:导言 · This Is How It Starts: An Introduction
    作者以三种典型的新手经历开篇——顺利入门、半途而废、乃至受伤——引出”为人而作的木工”的主张,并列出全书所用的 12 件手工具(斧、刀、磨石、锯、凿、钻等)与购置建议。
    EN · Three opening stories of beginners with power tools, the “woodwork for humans” philosophy, and the twelve hand tools the whole book is built around.

  • p.11 · 什么是木材 · What Is Wood?
    从树木生长讲起,说明木材由纤维束构成、细胞壁与细胞腔的关系,年轮与早材晚材的形成,以及顺纹、径向与弦向三个方向的胀缩差异,为读懂纹理打基础。
    EN · How a tree grows: fibers, cell walls and cavities, earlywood and latewood, and why wood shrinks and swells differently along, across and radially.

  • p.145 · 找木材 · *Finding Wood*
    回答新手最常问的”到哪里找木头”:从家具厂下脚料、旧家具拆解、锯木厂与林场,到按运输与储存条件筛选木料,说明找木本身就是一门需要时间积累的手艺。
    EN · Sourcing timber: mill offcuts, dismantling old furniture, sawmills and woodland, filtered by what you can carry and store — a skill in its own right.*

技法与工具 · TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS

  • p.19 · 斧 · The Hatchet
    全书第一个工具。讲清斧的选购(旧斧往往更好但需重新磨利)、斧刃的修整与安全握持,以及顺纹劈开、砍去废料与用斧背轻敲的用法。
    EN · The first tool: buying a hatchet (old ones are often better but need re-grinding), restoring the edge, and using it to split, trim and tap.

  • p.37 · 刀 · The Knife
    把刀视为”精炼的斧”:讲清副刃与宽刃(北欧式刃)的辨识,Mora Sloyd 一类小弯刀的选用,以及切削、刻线与修整时如何顶着刃斜面走刀。
    EN · The knife as a refined hatchet: reading the primary and secondary bevel, choosing a wide-bevel sloyd knife, and riding the bevel for controlled cuts.

  • p.57 · 测量与画线 · Measuring and Marking
    说明卷尺、角尺、划针与木工铅笔的配合用法,靠画线定尺寸再沿线锯切的精度来源,以及如何在线条之外留出修整余量。
    EN · Working with tape, square, marking knife and pencil: accuracy comes from careful layout lines, cut to the line and planed or scraped back.

  • p.63 · 锯与锯切 · Saws and Sawing
    讲清日式双刃锯(Ryoba)的推拉原理、顺纹纵解与横纹横截的区别、下锯起锯与收锯的要领,以及如何锯出笔直的一刀。
    EN · Push-and-pull saws, the Japanese ryoba, ripping with the grain versus crosscutting, and starting, following and finishing a straight cut.

  • p.95 · 钻孔与镗孔 · Drilling and Boring
    说明顺纹、横纹与端头三种进钻方向的不同,曲柄钻、手摇钻与各类钻头的选用,木料预钻防裂与清理木屑保持连续切削的做法。
    EN · Drilling along, across and into end grain; braces, drills and bits; pre-drilling to avoid splits and clearing chips to keep cutting.

  • p.113 · 胶、螺丝与钉 Glue, Screws, and Nails
    讲清把两块木头连起来的三种手段:胶合、紧固件与接合,并以榫卯与燕尾榫为例说明胶与接合如何配合,螺丝与钉在不同受力下的选用。
    EN · Three ways to join wood — glue, fasteners and joints — with mortise-and-tenon and dovetails showing how glue and joint work together.

  • p.137 · 打磨工具 · Sanding Tools
    讲清砂纸粒度编号与实际粗细的关系、各粒度用于成型还是精修,以及砂纸、砂块与自制打磨器的配合使用。
    EN · Reading grit numbers, which grits shape and which finish, and using paper, blocks and shop-made sanding sticks together.

  • p.153 · 第一个榫接合 Your First Joint
    面向被杂志上复杂接合吓住的初学者,说明接合的作用是定位与受力,从最简做法入手做出牢固耐用的第一个榫接合。
    EN · For beginners intimidated by fancy joints: a joint’s job is location and strength — start simple and build something durable.

  • p.165 · 木槌 The Mallet
    解释为什么木槌比铁锤和橡胶槌更适合敲击工具柄与工件,并以一段木料为例演示自制木槌的做法。
    EN · Why a wooden mallet beats both a steel hammer and a bouncy rubber one for driving tools and workpieces, and how to make one from a chunk of firewood.

项目制作 · PROJECTS

  • p.31 · 第一批项目:木桩与门挡 Your First Projects: Garden Stakes and Doorstops
    只需斧与砂纸的第一个项目:用硬木废料削出尖头木桩与楔形门挡,练习定向劈削与安全握持。
    EN · First projects needing only hatchet and sandpaper: a pointed garden stake and a wedge doorstop from hardwood scraps — practice in controlled splitting.

  • p.47 · 木黄油刀 Wooden Butter Knife
    用青材(新伐木)配合斧与刀,削出一把可按手形修整的黄油刀,练习两种工具的快削与细刻配合。
    EN · Carving a butter knife from green wood with hatchet and knife — quick waste removal working with fine detailing.

  • p.79 · 日式锯木马 Japanese Sawhorses
    用 2×4 与 2×6 建筑木料制作日式锯木马,讲清榫卯搭接、斜撑加固与整体锯切、钻孔、组装的顺序。
    EN · Japanese sawhorses from 2×4 and 2×6 construction lumber: joinery, diagonal bracing, and the sequence of cutting, drilling and assembly.

  • p.89 · 脱靴器 The Bootjack
    用一块废板做出 V 形脱靴器,卡住鞋跟即可徒手脱鞋;项目同时用来练习锯切与使用新做的锯木马。
    EN · A V-shaped board that grips a boot heel so you can pull it off hands-free — a chance to practise sawing on your new sawhorses.

  • p.107 · 书桌收纳盒 Desk Organizer
    用一块木料(作者选硬木橡木)以钻孔与细锯做出桌面收纳格,本书不给图纸,只教技法,由读者按自己需要设计。
    EN · A desk organizer cut from a single block with drilled holes and fine-sawn slots — no plan, just the techniques for you to design around.

  • p.125 · 砧板 Chopping Block
    用新伐原木与 2×6 木料加 lag screws 做一块端面朝上的厚砧板,重现十七、十八世纪木工坊里用于快速劈板的实心工作面。
    EN · A solid end-grain chopping block from a fresh log and 2×6 stock, the kind of pounding surface early wood shops worked on.

  • p.177 · 挤奶凳 The Milking Stool
    综合运用锯、钻、刀、木槌与锥子做出农场沿用数百年的三条腿小凳,三足可在不平地面站稳,讲清凳面开孔、腿的斜度与装配。
    EN · The classic three-legged farm stool: cutting the seat, setting leg angles, and assembling with saw, drill, knife, mallet and awl.

  • p.191 · 工作台 The Workbench
    用两块 2×6×8 木料与甲板螺钉做一张长、矮、窄的老式跨坐工作台,说明台面厚度、腿的固定与可夹持工件的处理。
    EN · An old-style long, low, narrow straddle bench from two 2×6×8 boards and deck screws: top thickness, leg fixing and holding work.

  • p.207 · 工具提篮 The Tool Tote
    用一块 8 英尺长的松木板与一根硬木圆棍,锯出带提手的开放式工具篮,讲清侧板斜度、底部与提手的圆棍连接。
    EN · An open tool tote sawn from one pine board with a hardwood dowel handle: side angles, bottom panel and handle attachment.

  • p.217 · 餐巾环 Napkin Rings
    利用剩下的好木料薄片做一组餐巾环,尺寸小、压力小,可在形状与装饰上自由发挥,作为木作入门的收尾小件。
    EN · A low-pressure set of napkin rings from thin hardwood offcuts, with room to play with shapes and decoration.

饰面与进阶 · FINISHES AND GOING FURTHER

  • p.223 · 简易表面处理 Simple Finishes
    说明家具并非非上漆不可,从蜂蜡、猪油等传统做法讲到现代漆料的取舍,并给出清漆类饰面的选择与涂刷思路。
    EN · You don’t have to finish at all: from beeswax and cooking fat to modern coatings, and how to choose and apply clear finishes.

  • p.231 · 前路 The Way Forward
    结语指出”木工”并非一门手艺,而是细木作、碗雕、制桶、车削、椅作等各具方法的分支,说明本书打下的基础如何通向这些方向。
    EN · There is no single “woodworking”: cabinetmaking, bowl-carving, coopering, turning and chairmaking each work differently — where the basics lead next.
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