《木工木材指南》· Woodworker’s Guide to Wood · Rick Peters · Sterling 2000

这本书正是 Rick Peters 二十五年前刚开始学木工时所需要的。那时他一心给工坊添置工具、钻研技法，却唯独忽略了材料本身——”我把木头当成塑料来对待”，换来的是胶合处开裂、榫头散架、台面裂缝。他由此明白一个道理：没有木材知识的技法只能带你走这么远，”要加工木材，你就必须理解木材”。

正如作者在前言中所说：”谈到加工木材，没有什么能替代经验。不过，你未必非得亲手被火烫一次，才知道烤箱是热的。我希望你能从这些书页中受益于我和众多专家的经验，学得更快、付出的代价更小。”全书围绕封面副题所列的五大类材料展开——软木（Softwoods）、硬木（Hardwoods）、胶合板（Plywoods）、工程木制品（Composites）与木皮（Veneers），从树木生长与细胞结构讲到木纹、花纹与木材特性，再一路讲到锯解、分级、干燥、购买与贮存。

正文九章之外，第2章是 64 种常用木材的彩色图鉴，每种按国际木材收藏者协会（IWCS）标准样块尺寸 1/2″×3″×6″ 拍摄，自然态与涂饰态对照呈现，并给出成本、密度、加工性、涂饰四项评级；附录则详列木材汁液与粉尘的危害，是木工车间必备的安全参考。

目录 · Contents

第1章 · 木材的本性 · CHAPTER 1 · THE NATURE OF WOOD …… 6

第1节 · 软木 · SECTION 1 · SOFTWOOD …… 8

p.8 · 针叶树 · Conifers
软木即松柏类，包含松柏目四个科，多具针状或鳞片状叶，通常常绿。
EN · There are four families of Coniferales within the softwood group.
p.8 · 针叶与裸子 · Needles and naked seeds
植物学上软木为裸子植物，种子裸露、不包被在花中，多生于球果鳞片上。
EN · Botanically, softwoods are gymnosperms—the seeds are naked, not enclosed in a flower.
p.8 · 外观 · Appearance
锯成材后软木色浅，由淡黄至红褐，早材晚材形成的年轮通常清晰可辨。
EN · Most softwoods are relatively light in color, from pale yellow to reddish brown, with very easy-to-distinguish growth rings.

第2节 · 硬木 · SECTION 2 · HARDWOOD …… 9

p.9 · 落叶性 · Deciduous
仅美国就有二十余科硬木；多数秋季落叶，热带硬木则常年常绿。
EN · There are over 20 families of hardwoods in the United States alone; most are deciduous, but tropical hardwoods are evergreen.
p.9 · 叶与坚果 · Leaves and nuts
硬木为被子植物，种子包被在花的子房中，成果实或坚果。
EN · Botanically, hardwoods are angiosperms—the seeds are enclosed or protected in the ovary of the flower.
p.9 · 外观 · Appearance
硬木颜色与花纹极其丰富，从冬青的近白到乌木的漆黑，射线与管孔造就射线斑、虎斑、提琴背纹等奇观。
EN · Hardwoods offer a dizzying array of colors, figure, and grain—from the near white of holly to the jet black of ebony.

第3节 · 树如何生长 · SECTION 3 · HOW A TREE GROWS …… 10

p.11 · 形成层 · Cambium
内树皮与边材之间是形成层，细胞频繁分裂，向内生成木质部、向外生成韧皮部。
EN · Between the inner bark and the sapwood is the cambium, which actually forms the wood and bark cells.
p.11 · 心材与边材 · Heartwood and sapwood
生长季末期叶片制造的过剩养分经射线移向树心，沉积为心材，边材则负责输导。
EN · Excess food (photosynthate) moves from the inner bark through the rays to the center of the tree, forming heartwood.
p.12 · 年轮 · Growth rings
生长季早期形成的细胞大而壁薄，晚期细胞小而壁厚，一早就一晚构成一圈年轮。
EN · New wood cells that form early in the growing season are large with thin walls; later cells are smaller with thicker walls.

第4节 · 木纹 · SECTION 4 · GRAIN …… 13

p.13 · 径切 · Radial
径切原木产出径切纹，纹理通常笔直、宽度均匀。
EN · A radial-cut log will produce quarter grain, typically straight and uniform in width.
p.13 · 横切 · Traverse
横切原木呈现端面纹理，年轮清晰可见。
EN · A traverse-cut log will show end grain, with visible annual growth rings.
p.13 · 弦切 · Tangential
弦切产出弦切（平锯）板材，是产量最高的切法。
EN · When a log is cut tangentially, it produces plain-sawn or flat-sawn boards.

第5节 · 软木细胞结构 · SECTION 5 · SOFTWOOD CELL STRUCTURE …… 14

p.14 · 细胞 · Cells
软木仅两类细胞：纵向管胞与射线细胞，前者占体积约 95%。
EN · There are only two types of cells in softwood: wood fibers (longitudinal tracheids) and ray cells.
p.14 · 树脂道 · Resin canals
树脂道仅见于松、云杉、落叶松、花旗松等少数软木，是运输树脂的防御结构。
EN · Resin canals are found in only a few softwoods—pine, spruce, larch, and Douglas fir.
p.14 · 纹孔 · Pits
管胞末端 tapered shut，液体经胞壁缺失处形成的纹孔在细胞间流动。
EN · Fluid travels through missing sections of the cell walls called pits.
p.15 · 射线 · Rays
管胞沿树干纵向排列，射线细胞则径向垂直排列，负责横向输导。
EN · Wood fibers are arranged longitudinally; ray cells are oriented radially, perpendicular to the trunk.
p.15 · 早材与晚材 · Earlywood and latewood
温带树木一年一轮：生长季形成早材，休止期形成晚材。
EN · In any region with a temperate climate, there is one growing period (spring and summer), followed by one rest period.

第6节 · 硬木结构 · SECTION 6 · HARDWOOD STRUCTURE …… 16

p.16 · 细胞 · Cells
硬木体积至少由导管分子、木纤维、射线细胞、薄壁细胞四类细胞构成。
EN · Most of a hardwood’s volume is comprised of at least four types of cells: vessel elements, wood fibers, ray cells, and parenchyma.
p.16 · 导管 · Vessels
导管几乎见于所有硬木而绝不见于软木，是鉴别两者的最简便依据。
EN · Vessels occur in virtually all hardwoods, but never in softwoods.

第7节 · 导管变异 · SECTION 7 · VESSEL VARIATIONS …… 17

p.17 · 环孔材 · Ring-porous
橡、榆、梣、栗等早材导管远大于晚材，年轮界线分明。
EN · Many hardwoods have high concentrations of large-diameter vessels in their earlywood—oak, elm, ash, and chestnut.
p.17 · 散孔材 · Diffuse-porous
导管在年轮中粗细相近者涂饰更容易，如桦木、槭木。
EN · Diffuse-porous woods, where the vessels are all about the same diameter in earlywood and latewood, are much easier to stain and finish.

第8节 · 硬木与软木的性质 · SECTION 8 · PROPERTIES OF HARDWOODS AND SOFTWOODS …… 18

p.18 · 薄壁细胞 · Parenchyma
薄壁细胞是导管与木纤维的混合型储能细胞，是木材鉴定的重要依据。
EN · Hardwoods may or may not contain parenchyma, the specialized storage cells useful for wood identification.
p.18 · 射线 · Rays
硬木射线大小形态差异很大，横向输导养分，径切面上形成射线斑。
EN · Rays in hardwoods vary considerably in size and appearance.

第9节 · 节疤 · SECTION 9 · KNOTS …… 19

p.19 · 节疤是缺陷还是点缀 · Knots: defect or accent?
活节死节影响分级与强度，但节疤纹理亦常为木工所追逐利用。
EN · KNOTS: DEFECT OR ACCENT?—knots affect grading and strength, but their figure is often prized.

第10节 · 木材特性 · SECTION 10 · WOOD CHARACTERISTICS …… 20

p.20-21 · 常用木材特性表 · Characteristics of common woods
两页大表列出数十种木材的密度、破坏模量、弹性模量、冲击弯曲、顺纹受压与剪切强度。
EN · A two-page table of specific gravity, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, impact bending, compression and shear strength for common woods.
p.21 · 比重 · Specific gravity
比较木材轻重以比重为准——木材密度与同体积水密度之比。
EN · Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of the wood to the density of the water.
p.21 · 静曲强度（破坏模量） · Modulus of rupture
破坏模量即木材断裂前能承受的最大荷载，可横向比较承重能力。
EN · The modulus of rupture—the maximum load the wood can support without breaking.
p.21 · 弹性模量 · Modulus of elasticity
弹性模量衡量卸荷后回弹的能力，数值越高越不易被砸出凹坑。
EN · The modulus of elasticity is a measure of a wood’s ability to “spring back” after a load is removed.
p.21 · 冲击弯曲 · Impact bending
让重锤从递增高度落下，记录断裂或挠度超限时的高度，衡量抗冲击。
EN · Impact bending describes how well a wood handles impact—a hammer is dropped from progressively greater heights.
p.21 · 受压与剪切强度 · Compression and shear strength
顺纹受压看端面承压，横纹受压看表面承压，剪切强度关乎抗滑移。
EN · Compression parallel to grain, compression perpendicular to grain, and shear parallel to grain.

第11节 · 幼龄木 · SECTION 11 · JUVENILE WOOD …… 22

p.22 · 幼龄木的特性 · Properties of juvenile wood
幼龄木顺纹与横纹都会胀缩，且强度偏低，是木工的大麻烦。
EN · Juvenile wood shrinks and swells both with the grain and along the grain.
p.22 · 如今更常见 · More common today
采伐原木平均直径下降，幼龄木问题比过去更突出。
EN · Juvenile wood is becoming more of a problem because the average diameter of trees harvested has declined.

第12节 · 应力木 · SECTION 12 · REACTION WOOD …… 23

p.23 · 识别应力木 · Identifying reaction wood
应压木（软木）与应拉木（硬木）在伐前几乎无法从外表判断。
EN · One of the biggest challenges of either type of reaction wood is identifying it.
p.23 · 起绒木纹 · Fuzzy grain
应拉木纤维附着不牢，切削不净会留下恼人的起绒纹理。
EN · Tension wood creates another annoying problem: fuzzy grain.

第2章 · 木材图鉴 · CHAPTER 2 · DIRECTORY OF WOOD …… 24

第1节 · 64 种常用木材 · SECTION 1 · 64 COMMON WOODS …… 26

p.26 · 赤杨 · Alder, Red · Alnus rubra
太平洋沿岸软木鞋之乡的传统木料，易加工、易着色，最常见的装饰木皮来源之一。
EN · Red alder is the traditional wood for clogs; soft and weak but machines very well and takes stain readily.
p.26 · 美国白蜡木 · Ash, American · Fraxinus americana
抗冲击与弹性俱佳，棒球棍、冰球杆与工具柄的首选。
EN · Ash’s high shock resistance makes it the preferred wood for baseball bats and hockey sticks, and tool handles.
p.27 · 美洲山杨 · Aspen, American · Populus tremuloides
色浅无味，食品工业容器与 OSB 的首选原料，涂饰易出问题。
EN · Once aspen is dry it has no odor or flavor, suited to food-industry containers; it is the preferred wood for OSB.
p.27 · 轻木 · Balsa · Ochroma pyramidale
世界上最轻最软的商用材，却是硬木；六年即可采伐，浮力与隔热出众。
EN · Balsa is the lightest-weight, commercially used wood in the world—and also the softest and most porous, yet a hardwood.
p.28 · 美国椴木 · Basswood · Tilia americana
雕刻师与车旋工的最爱，早材晚材对比弱、纹理匀净。
EN · Carvers around the world are big users of basswood: its grain offers both softness and regularity.
p.28 · 美国山毛榉 · Beech, American · Fagus grandifolia
坚硬耐敲打又体面，蒸弯性能好，是车旋与工具柄常用材。
EN · When a job calls for wood that’s sturdy and can take a pounding but still look good, consider American beech.
p.29 · 黄桦 · Birch, Yellow · Betula alleghaniensis
优质胶合板的面板主力，表面致密无孔，宜染成樱桃木色。
EN · If you’ve ever bought high-quality plywood, it was probably yellow birch—the biggest use of this wood.
p.29 · 澳大利亚黑木 · Blackwood, Australian · Acacia melanoxylon
金合欢属中最具观赏价值者，纹理似胡桃，家具与单板名材。
EN · Australian blackwood is the most attractive of the hundreds of wattle species—valued for furniture and veneer.
p.30 · 波科特 · Bacote · Cordia spp.
似柚木而不钝刀，常作玫瑰木与柚木的替代材，多出品装饰木皮。
EN · If you like the look of teak but not what it does to cutting edges, try bocote—often a substitute for rosewood or teak.
p.30 · 梣叶槭 · Box Elder · Acer negundo
真菌造就的红色条纹令车旋工趋之若鹜，其余用途有限。
EN · An unglamorous fungus causes the red streaks that form stunning patterns in this maple-family wood, sought after by woodturners.
p.31 · 布宾加 · Bubinga · Guibourtia demeusei
被称作”非洲玫瑰木”的红棕色硬木，纹理醒目，地板与家具用材。
EN · Bubinga looks like rosewood and is often sold as a substitute; found primarily around Cameroon, Gabon, and Zaire.
p.31 · 灰胡桃 · Butternut · Juglans cinerea
光泽柔和的浅棕色材，教堂祭坛与雕刻常用，比重低易加工。
EN · Its natural luster comes up quickly when polished; it is the wood most often used for church altars.
p.32 · 东部红雪松 · Cedar, Eastern Red · Juniperus virginiana
香气宜人的耐久材，最早出口欧洲的北美木材之一，防虫传说未经证实。
EN · Eastern red cedar’s pleasant scent is undisputed; it was one of the first woods exported from America to Europe.
p.32 · 西班牙雪松 · Cedar, Spanish · Cedrela odorata
名带 cedar 实为硬木，香气近似真雪松，木盒与雪茄盒名材。
EN · A true cedar is a softwood, but Spanish cedar is a hardwood—a common misnomer for fragrant hardwoods.
p.33 · 西部红雪松 · Cedar, Western Red · Thuja plicata
完全不含树脂，耐腐居北美前列，房屋与船舶建材。
EN · Completely nonresinous, western red cedar is one of the most decay-resistant species in America.
p.33 · 红染料木 · Chakte Kok · Sickingia salvadorensis
木材与树皮可提取商品红色染料，”装满颜色”的中美硬木。
EN · The wood and bark of chakte kok are used to create a commercial red dye.
p.34 · 奇琴毒木 · Chechem · Metopium brownei
树皮汁液有毒可致毒葛式皮疹，木材却似巴西玫瑰木般迷人。
EN · The bark contains a caustic sap that can raise a poison ivy-like rash; the wood is hard and dense like Brazilian rosewood.
p.34 · 黑樱桃 · Cherry, Black · Prunus serotina
美国最珍贵的橱柜材，越陈越红，稳定性极佳。
EN · One of the most highly prized American woods for cabinetmaking—it turns a gorgeous, rich red as it ages.
p.35 · 美国栗木 · Chestnut, American · Castanea dentata
曾占美国硬木资源三分之一，病害后仅存”幽灵森林”中的站立死木，满是虫眼。
EN · American chestnut once made up one-third of U.S. hardwood growth; current supplies come from standing dead timber.
p.35 · 落羽杉 · Cypress, Bald · Taxodium distichum
生于沼泽的落叶松柏，极耐虫蛀与腐朽，水汽环境首选。
EN · Where moisture is a challenge, bald cypress can be the solution—extremely resistant to insects, dampness, and fungal decay.
p.36 · 花旗松 · Douglas Fir · Pseudotsuga menziesii
软木中格外强韧，北美用量最大的木材与世界最重要胶合板原料。
EN · Douglas fir is one of the most widely used woods in North America and the world’s most important source for plywood.
p.36 · 乌木 · Ebony · Diospyros spp.
黑色心材受宠数千年，小提琴指板与钢琴键的点睛之材，极贵极重。
EN · Ebony’s black heartwood has been treasured for centuries—used today mostly as an accent such as violin fingerboards.
p.37 · 美国白榆 · Elm, American White · Ulmus americana
蒸汽弯曲与耐水性出色，古人曾凿空榆树作水管。
EN · The American white elm has excellent steam-bending and water-resistant properties.
p.37 · 虎斑木 · Gonçalo Alves · Astronium fraxinifolium
车削抛光后呈暖 Russet 光泽，英国称 zebrawood、美国称 tigerwood。
EN · Gonçalo alves turns well and finishes smoothly with a vibrant russet gleam—called zebrawood in the UK, tigerwood in the US.
p.38 · 北美枫香 · Gum, Sweet · Liquidambar styraciflua
香气迷人但干燥时翘扭严重，需精心干燥，心材单售为红胶木。
EN · Nice smell, nasty movement—sweet gum tends to warp and twist when dried, requiring great care.
p.38 · 山核桃木 · Hickory · Carya spp.
强度、刚度与抗冲击的组合无木能及，锤斧手柄与球棒经典材。
EN · When you need flexibility, strength, and resilience, consider hickory—great for striking tools and sports equipment.
p.39 · 冬青木 · Holly · Ilex spp.
近白无纹可代黄杨木，染黑可仿乌木，年采伐量极小，多作镶嵌。
EN · Holly can be virtually white with no visible figure—sometimes used as a substitute for boxwood, or dyed black to mimic ebony.
p.39 · 英布亚 Imbuya · Ocotea porosa
巴西家具常被误认为”巴西胡桃”的材，纹理富褐色条纹。
EN · Imbuya can look so much like black walnut that it is often referred to as Brazilian walnut.
p.40 · 依洛克 · Iroko · Milicia excelsa
被称为”非洲柚木”，雕刻、车旋与造船共同青睐的耐用材。
EN · Iroko is sometimes referred to as African teak—a favorite wood for carving, turning, and boatbuilding.
p.40 · 贾拉 · Jarrah · Eucalyptus marginata
澳大利亚采伐量最大的桉木，海事工程经典用材。
EN · Jarrah is harvested more than any other Australian timber, used locally for projects with a maritime flavor.
p.41 · 贾托巴 · Jatoba · Hymenaea courbaril
抗冲击与白蜡木相当，常取自可持续林源，工具柄与地板良材。
EN · Shock resistance similar to that of ash is the prime trait of jatoba, often available from sustainably managed sources.
p.41 · 王木 · Kingwood · Dalbergia cearensis
玫瑰木科中纹理最夺目者，旧时最精家具的御用之材。
EN · A member of the rosewood family, kingwood’s unmistakable appearance makes it a king among woods.
p.42 · 寇阿木 · Koa · Acacia koa
仅生长于夏威夷的州木，尤克里里与吉他的传奇材料。
EN · Koa grows only in the Hawaiian Islands and is best known for helping make music in ukuleles and guitars.
p.42 · 蕾丝木 · Lacewood · Cardwellia sublimis
径切面大射线织出蕾丝般光泽花纹，澳洲特产。
EN · Lacewood has a much more obvious lustrous quartersawn figure—large rays that look like lace.
p.43 · 欧洲落叶松 · Larch, European · Larix decidua
软木中罕见的强韧耐久材，用于桩柱、船板与铁路枕木。
EN · For a softwood, European larch is very tough—used where durability and strength are prime requirements.
p.43 · 柳安木 · Lauan · Shorea spp.
俗称”菲律宾 Mahogany”实非桃花心木，胶合板与”工人之板”。
EN · Lauan is not actually a mahogany—known as the working man’s plywood, used for subflooring, backs, bottoms, and drawers.
p.44 · 蜜皂荚 · Locust, Honey · Gleditsia triacanthos
美国难得一见的强韧材，极耐腐，围栏与立柱良材。
EN · Honey locust is fairly scarce but sturdy and exceptionally resistant to decay.
p.44 · 非洲桃花心木 · Mahogany, African · Khaya spp.
最接近”真桃花心木”的非洲材，17 世纪起即为高级家具主材。
EN · African mahogany is closest to American or “true” mahogany—the premier wood for fine furniture since the 1600s.
p.45 · 大叶桃花心木 · Mahogany, Big Leaf · Swietenia macrophylla
世界最佳家具材之一，新车型多用其翻制模型，花纹多样。
EN · Big leaf mahogany rates among the best furniture woods in the world and is the wood of choice for pattern makers.
p.45 · 硬枫 · Maple, Hard · Acer saccharum
抗磨抗压天下第一，舞池与保龄球道之材，偶现鸟眼纹。
EN · Hard maple’s resistance to abrasion and indentation makes it the number one choice for furniture and flooring.
p.46 · 软枫 · Maple, Soft · Acer rubrum
似硬枫而轻、易加工，银枫红枫均属此类。
EN · Soft maple resembles hard maple but is not as heavy and is much easier to work.
p.46 · 美国红橡 · Oak, American Red · Quercus rubra
室内装饰与家具的国民材，管孔开放须填孔后再涂饰。
EN · American red oak is hugely popular for interior trim and furniture—it must be filled properly before finishing.
p.47 · 美国白橡 · Oak, American White · Quercus alba
输导孔被侵填体堵住而近乎防水，酒桶陈酿葡萄酒与威士忌之材。
EN · The sap-conducting pores of white oak are naturally plugged, yielding water repellency—used for aging wine, bourbon, and whiskey.
p.47 · 绢栎 · Oak, Silky · Grevillea robusta
羽状叶的澳洲”丝橡”，径切花纹逊于蕾丝木，锯末刺激皮肤。
EN · Silky oak is similar to lacewood but doesn’t have as pronounced a figure when quartered; its sawdust can irritate skin.
p.48 · 橙桑 · Osage Orange · Maclura pomifera
北美最耐久的木材之一，原住民制弓名材，一战卡其染料来源。
EN · Osage orange is exceptionally resistant to decay and one of the most durable woods in North America.
p.48 · 非洲紫檀 · Padauk, African · Pterocarpus soyauxii
血红新切面易氧化转紫褐，造船与地板良材，世界著名染料木。
EN · African padauk is vivid in color, durable, and decay-resistant—a world-famous dye-wood.
p.49 · 梨木 · Pear · Pyrus communis
纹理细腻均匀，雕刻与竖笛名材，可染黑仿乌木。
EN · Pear has a very fine, even texture that makes it great for carving; it is often used in Europe to make recorders.
p.49 · 美洲山核桃 · Pecan · Carya illinoinensis
被低估的美观硬木，蒸弯性能优异，鼓棒与工具柄常用。
EN · Undervalued by many woodworkers, pecan’s high bending strength makes it an excellent choice for steam-bending.
p.50 · 东部白松 · Pine, Eastern White · Pinus strobus
18 世纪船舶桅杆之争引发美国独立战争第一场海战。
EN · The first sea skirmish of the American Revolution was over eastern white pine, used extensively for ship masts.
p.50 · 美国黄松 · Pine, Ponderosa · Pinus ponderosa
即”节疤松”内饰材，松脂渗出是涂饰前的大患。
EN · Often marketed as “knotty pine” for interior decoration; resin exudation is the chief problem.
p.51 · 北美鹅掌楸 · Poplar, Yellow · Liriodendron tulipifera
轻软易染，可仿胡桃与樱桃，正取代清透松木做室内线条。
EN · Yellow poplar paints well and can be stained to resemble walnut or cherry; a substitute for clear pine in interior trim.
p.51 · 紫心木 · Purpleheart · Peltogyne paniculata
新切褐色见空气转紫，缺 UV 保护又转褐；酒精类涂饰会褪色。
EN · Purpleheart is brown when cut and turns purple when exposed to air; spirit finishes tend to remove the purple color.
p.52 · 加州红木 · Redwood, California · Sequoia sempervirens
生长快、极耐腐、寿命长，北美最具商品价值的软木。
EN · California redwood’s fast growth, decay- and insect-resistance, and great longevity make it the most commercially valuable softwood.
p.52 · 巴西玫瑰木 · Rosewood, Brazilian · Dalbergia nigra
色泽与花纹极致华丽却几乎无法对纹，吉他背侧板传奇之材。
EN · Exquisite color and exotic patterning make Brazilian rosewood’s irregular pattern almost impossible to match.
p.53 · 檫木 · Sassafras · Sassafras albidum
根皮沏茶只是副业，与肉桂同科，香气与纹理兼而有之。
EN · Sassafras is more than tea; it is a member of the same family as cinnamon.
p.53 · 锡兰缎木 · Satinwood, Ceylon · Chloroxylon swietenia
19 世纪英国”缎木黄金时代”的主角，如今多以缎木木皮现身。
EN · Since the “Golden Age of Satinwood” in 19th-century England, this timber has been highly valued and is now found mainly in veneer form.
p.54 · 蛇纹木 · Snakewood · Brosimum guianense
世界最贵木材之一，花纹似蛇皮豹点乃至象形文字。
EN · One of the most expensive woods in the world, with markings resembling snakeskin, leopard spots, or even hieroglyphics.
p.54 · 西加云杉 · Spruce, Sitka · Picea sitchensis
世界最重要的新闻纸纸浆与航空结构材（莱特飞机的故事）。
EN · Spruce is the world’s most important pulp for newsprint and by far the most important wood for aircraft construction.
p.55 · 柚木 · Teak · Tectona grandis
油润耐腐、虫蚁不近，钝刀严重，车柚者常在车床边备油石。
EN · Teak is distinctively oily and very durable; savvy teak turners keep an oilstone next to their lathes.
p.55 · 黑胡桃 · Walnut, Black · Juglans nigra
高级定制家具与枪械名材，干燥后极稳定，根部分泌物杀灭邻树。
EN · Black walnut is exceptionally stable once seasoned and takes a high polish; it is famed as the gunsmith’s wood.
p.56 · 温格木 · Wenge · Millettia laurentii
深色难加工而观感惊艳，高耐磨，舞厅地板之选。
EN · Like many other exotics, wenge is difficult to work but delightful to look at; its high abrasion resistance suits flooring.
p.56 · 黑柳 · Willow, Black · Salix nigra
欧洲表亲做板球棒，故北美这一种被唤作”板球柳”。
EN · Because its European cousin is used to make cricket bats, the North American relative is called “cricket willow.”
p.57 · 斑马木 · Zebrawood · Microberlinia brazzavillensis
径切方有斑马纹，难加工、难上漆且气味特别，多做木皮。
EN · Zebrawood looks incredible but is difficult to work; its distinctive grain pattern comes from quartersawing.
p.57 · 齐科特木 · Zircote · Cordia dodecandra
与波科特同科而色深，找不到温格与乌木时的替补，车削容易。
EN · If you can’t find wenge or even ebony, try zircote—a Cordia family member like bocote, but quite a bit darker.

第3章 · 锯解木料 · CHAPTER 3 · MILLING LUMBER …… 58

第1节 · 典型切法 · SECTION 1 · TYPICAL CUTS …… 60

p.61 · 弦切（平锯） · Plain-sawn
出材率最高的切法，板面木纹多向 swirl。
EN · A plain- or flat-sawn board is common since this cutting method produces the highest yield from a log.
p.61 · 径裂锯 · Rift-sawn
纹理比弦切更直更匀，常与弦切材混堆出售。
EN · Rift-sawn lumber generally has clearer, straighter grain than plain-sawn lumber.
p.61 · 径切（四分锯） · Quartersawn
最稳定的切法，纹理最直，部分材种显射线斑。
EN · Of all the cutting methods, quartersawing produces boards that are the most stable.

第2节 · 硬木尺寸 · SECTION 2 · HARDWOOD DIMENSIONS …… 62

p.62 · 四分制厚度对照表 · Quarter designation
4/4、5/4、8/4 对应毛料 1″、1¼”、2″，刨光后各有公差。
EN · A table of rough and surfaced thickness for quarter designators from 4/4 to 8/4.
p.63 · 随机宽度与长度 · Random widths and lengths
硬木按级锯解，宽度长度不一，避免为求规整而浪费好材。
EN · Since most hardwood logs are cut for grade, the lumber that comes off the log can vary in width and length.
p.63 · S2S 与 S4S · S2S and S4S
常见的两种刨光处理：两面光与四面光。
EN · The two most common surfacing treatments are S2S (surfaced two sides) and S4S (surfaced four sides).

第3节 · 软木尺寸 · SECTION 3 · SOFTWOOD DIMENSIONS …… 64

p.64 · 大厂 · Big mills
软木巨厂可达三分之一英里长，原木进、板材出。
EN · Most sawmills that cut softwood lumber are huge—the mill the author visited was around 1/3 mile long.
p.64 · 标称与实际尺寸对照表 · Nominal vs. dressed dimensions
标称 2″×4″ 刨光后仅 1½”×3½”，公制对照一并列出。
EN · A table of nominal versus dressed thickness and width with metric equivalents.
p.65 · 按板英尺计 · By the board foot
按级锯解的软木偶尔按板英尺计价，公式见下。
EN · You’ll still occasionally come across a sawmill that cut a log for grade and sells the lumber by the board foot.
p.65 · 体积公式：板英尺 · Volume (bd. ft.)
板英尺 = 长(英尺)×宽(英寸)×厚(英寸)÷12。
EN · Volume (bd. ft.) = length (ft.) × width (in.) × thickness (in.) ÷ 12.
p.65 · 刨光选项 · Surfacing options
多数软木四面刨光，也有留毛面只刨一或两边的做法。
EN · Most softwood lumber is surfaced on four sides (S4S), but some faces are left rough with one or two edges surfaced.

第4节 · 在锯木厂 · SECTION 4 · AT THE SAWMILL …… 66

p.66 · 储木场 · The yard
原木入厂第一站是探金属，一颗钉足以毁掉全厂锯片。
EN · A log’s first stop is the yard, where a worker scans it for metal using a hand-held metal detector.
p.66 · 原木上料 · Loading the log
清完金属后用叉车把原木送上剥皮机工位。
EN · After a log is cleared for metal, it’s loaded into the mill with a forklift and positioned for the debarker.
p.66 · 剥皮机 · Debarker
剥皮让锯工看清缺陷、择最佳锯路，同时带走砂石。
EN · Debarking gives the sawyer a clear view of the log and removes dirt, rocks, and other abrasive particles.
p.67 · 上大带锯（头锯） · On to the head rig
原木被液压抱卡固定在跑车上，送往头锯。
EN · The logs are clamped securely to the carriage with hydraulic pinchers called “dogs.”
p.67 · 锯工”读”原木 · The sawyer “reads” the log
锯工是厂里技术含量最高的角色，几秒内判断原木价值。
EN · The sawyer is the most highly skilled member of the sawmill’s team and can “read” a log in seconds.
p.67 · 定锯路 · Determining the cut
内置激光把第一刀的位置投到原木上。
EN · The sawyer uses built-in lasers to project lines onto the log to show where the first cut will be.
p.68 · 修边叶片 · Edging blades
水平叶片组可独立升降，配合激光线定板材厚度。
EN · The sawyer can move a set of horizontal blades up and down independently to match the laser lines.
p.68 · 锯切原木 · Cutting the log
跑车把原木推向 30~60 英寸的圆锯片，实锯一两秒即成。
EN · Circular-saw blades on mills this size range from 30″ to 60″ in diameter; the actual cut takes 1 to 2 seconds.
p.68 · 圆锯片 · Circular-saw blades
圆锯快而猛，代价是每刀约四分之一英寸锯路损耗。
EN · Every time a cut is made, roughly 1/4″ of wood is lost to the kerf.
p.69 · 后续板材的锯切 · Cutting subsequent boards
小厂把锯切与修整合在一处，大厂则流水线分工。
EN · The way subsequent boards are cut off the log depends on the mill and its downstream equipment.
p.69 · 板材分选 · Sorting boards
板材下机后分选堆垛，有的厂在传动带上先分级。
EN · After the boards come off the mill, they’re sorted and stacked.
p.69 · 零废料 · No waste
树皮粉碎售作园艺覆盖物，截头废料无一浪费。
EN · Every mill generates almost no waste—virtually everything is either sold or reused.

第5节 · 带锯锯木厂 · SECTION 5 · A BANDSAW MILL …… 70

p.70 · 原木封头 · End-coat logs
带锯厂常兼职作业，收料先封头防端裂。
EN · Many bandsaw mill operators end-coat logs when they receive them, as it can be a while before the log is cut.
p.70 · 探金属 · Check for metal
金属对带锯是毁灭性的，每位机手锯前必探。
EN · Metal in a log is devastating to a bandsaw mill—every operator checks each log with a metal detector.
p.70 · 第一刀 · Make first cut
叉车加人力上料，带皮定最佳锯路后开锯。
EN · The log is loaded with a forklift combined with muscle power; the operator rotates the log to determine the best cut.
p.71 · 锯板材 · Cut boards
像大厂一样旋转原木持续下锯，直至得到方坯。
EN · A handsaw mill operator will continue rotating a log and cutting until there is a square billet.
p.71 · 修整宽度 Trim to width
有的机器用摆臂把板材拖回起始位。
EN · Boards are pulled off manually, or an arm on the saw drops down to drag the board back.
p.71 · 翻边修整 · Flip up to trim
非方坏下料的板材需翻边刨齐边缘。
EN · If the boards weren’t cut from a square billet, the edges will need to be trimmed straight.

第6节 · 径切锯解 · SECTION 6 · QUARTERSAWING …… 72

p.72 · 平行锯路是关键 · Parallel cuts are essential
原木天生带尖削，不先调平行则刀刀歪斜。
EN · All logs are tapered to a certain degree—if the operator simply started cutting, none of the cuts would be parallel.
p.72 · 先下三分之一 · First third
两种径切策略之一：先把原木四分再复剖。
EN · The first strategy cuts the log into equal fourths, then each triangular-shaped section is resawn.
p.72 · 板皮锯（flitch cut） · Flitch cut
去掉前三分之一后，开始像常规一样锯切原木。
EN · With the first third removed, the operator begins cutting the log as if it were flat-sawn.
p.73 · 取出径切材 · Cut out quartersawn
每块板皮中提取最宽最好的径切板，溢价单放。
EN · The next step is to extract the quartersawn lumber—the widest and typically the finest boards of the log.
p.73 · 三分之一立锯 · Slice up first third
早先切下的三分之一立夹在锯上逐板下锯。
EN · Each of the log thirds cut earlier are clamped vertically and boards are cut off in succession.
p.73 · 修边 · Trim the edges
最后把三分之一料的板边刨齐成材。
EN · The final task is to cut straight edges on the boards that were cut from the thirds.

第7节 · 油链锯锯木厂 · SECTION 7 · A CHAINSAW MILL …… 74

p.74 · 导轨 · The guide rail
第一刀最关键，导轨不过是两条 2×4 加拉板。
EN · The guide rail attaches to the log and ensures that the first reference cut is flat and straight.
p.74 · 安装导轨 · Attaching the rail
长螺丝穿过角码把导轨锁死在原木上。
EN · The guide rail is screwed to the log through the angle brackets; use plenty of long screws.
p.75 · setup · Setup
垫高一端顺势下坡锯，原木务必楔紧。
EN · Elevate one end of the log so you’ll use gravity to your advantage by milling downhill.
p.75 · 第一刀 · The first cut
护目镜、耳罩、皮手套、劳保靴，起动油锯。
EN · Wearing appropriate safety gear, start the chainsaw and lift it onto the guide rail.
p.75 · 第二刀 · The second cut
视锯法决定是否深锯第二刀以出平行面。
EN · Depending on how you’re cutting the log, you may or may not want a deep second cut to create flat parallel sides.
p.76 · 第三刀 setup · Setup for the third cut
原木转 90° 重新楔紧，用曲尺或直角尺定位导轨。
EN · Rotate the log 90° and use a carpenter’s square or framing square to position the guide rail.
p.76 · 第三刀 · The third cut
调好深度锯掉全部树皮，出平整基面。
EN · Reset the mill to a depth that will cut all the bark off and leave a smooth, flat surface.
p.76 · 锯板材 · Cutting boards
有了基准面即可定厚连续下锯。
EN · With a flat reference, you can reset the mill for the desired thickness and begin cutting boards.

第8节 · 工坊内把小原木变木料 · SECTION 8 · SMALL LOGS INTO LUMBER IN THE SHOP …… 77

p.77 · 修整箱 · Shooting box
箱式夹具夹住原木，配合修边机铣出基准面。
EN · The shooting box holds the log securely so that you can rout a flat section.
p.77 · 劈开原木 · Splitting a log
利用原木已有的裂纹，楔加大锤劈开入箱。
EN · Before you can use the shooting box, split the log to fit the box—best done with a wedge and sledgehammer.
p.78 · 原木入箱固定 · Secure log to box
劈半后入箱，螺丝穿过端部板条或支撑块固定。
EN · Once the log is split in half, set it in the box and secure it with screws through the cleats or support blocks.
p.78 · 铣基准面 · Rout a flat surface
¾” 直刀每刀 1/8″，从一端向另一端左右移动。
EN · Insert the bit and adjust it to take a 1/8″-deep cut, sliding it from side to side.
p.78 · 布置带锯 · Setting up the bandsaw
牢固的纵切靠山与合适锯条是成败关键。
EN · Two things are critical: you’ll need a sturdy rip fence to guide the cuts and the right blade.
p.79 · 锯切原木 · Cutting the log
基准面贴靠山先锯出直边，再逐块分割。
EN · Attach a piece of plywood to the flat face to establish a straight edge against the rip fence.
p.79 · 纵剖定宽 · Ripping to width
按需把各块纵剖至目标宽度。
EN · After the log has been cut into boards, rip each piece to width.
p.79 · 堆垛隔条 · Stickering
新锯生材需立刻隔条堆垛并封头，防裂防扭。
EN · Fresh-cut green wood needs immediate attention—stickering the wood and sealing the ends.

第9节 · 切割碗料 · SECTION 9 · CUTTING BOWL BLANKS …… 80

p.80 · 原木上画型 · Draw profile on log
锯成小段后，用木材蜡笔或粉笔画碗轮廓。
EN · Draw bowl profiles on the log sections with a lumber crayon or a piece of chalk.
p.80 · 对半锯开 · Cut in half
油锯沿长度对半锯开，垫高原木防伤锯链。
EN · Use a chainsaw to cut the log in half lengthwise; raise the log off the ground.
p.81 · 定宽下料 · Cut to desired width
按目标碗宽切分半圆料，锯身约 30° 倾斜。
EN · Cut the half sections as necessary to obtain the desired bowl width; hold the saw at around 30°.
p.81 · 粗成形 · Trim to rough shape
照端面轮廓用油锯去角，得出粗坯。
EN · Use the chainsaw to remove excess wood, leaving a rough bowl shape.
p.81 · 封头 · Seal the blank
生材封护剂或乳胶漆只涂端面，防端裂利干燥。
EN · Brush green wood sealer or latex house paint only on the end grain.

第4章 · 木料分级 · CHAPTER 4 · GRADING LUMBER …… 82

第1节 · 硬木分级 · SECTION 1 · HARDWOOD GRADING …… 84

p.85 · 分级规则表 · Grading rules
硬木按净料率定级（FAS 约 83%、No.1 common 约 67%），各级别对应最小板面与切削尺寸。
EN · Hardwood grades are assigned by percentage of clear cuttings and minimum board and cutting sizes.
p.88 · FAS 板 · FAS boards
硬木最高等级，净料率约 83%，最小 6″×8 英尺。
EN · FAS boards yield a minimum of around 83% clear cuttings, with a minimum board size of 6″ × 8 ft.
p.88 · Select 板 · Select boards
次一级，好面须达 FAS 标准，差面不低于 No.1 common。
EN · The good face must meet FAS standards and the poor face at least No. 1 common.
p.89 · No.1 common 板 · No. 1 common boards
缺陷明显增多，净料率约 67%，板面与切削尺寸下降。
EN · Common grades show a lot more defects—No. 1 common yields roughly 67% usable wood.
p.89 · No.2 common 板 · No. 2 common boards
2A 要求净切面，2B 只要求切面完好。
EN · No. 2 common is a combination of two grades—2A requires clear cuttings, 2B requires only sound cuttings.
p.89 · No.3 common 板 · No. 3 common boards
净料率仅 33%，木工几无用武之地。
EN · The yield is so low on No. 3 common boards (33%) that they’re not much use to a woodworker.

第2节 · 分级员如何分级 · SECTION 2 · HOW A GRADER GRADES LUMBER …… 86

p.86 · 面量 · Surface measure
第一步用木料尺量板面平方英尺。
EN · The first thing a grader will do is use a lumber rule to determine a board’s surface measure.
p.86 · 定较差面 · Determine better face
翻一两次板，找出净料最少的一面。
EN · The next step is to determine the poor side of the board—the side with the least clear wood.
p.87 · 计算切削单位 · Calculate cutting units
凭经验暂定级，再逐块清点净切面折算切削单位。
EN · The grader assigns a trial grade, identifies clear cuttings, and calculates the total yield.
p.87 · 定级并标级 · Determine and mark grade
FAS 需满 60 切削单位，达标盖级章。
EN · To grade FAS the board needs a minimum of 60 cutting units; the grade is then marked.

第3节 · 软木分级 · SECTION 3 · SOFTWOOD GRADING …… 90

p.90 · 读软木级章 · Reading a softwood grade stamp
级章含等级、含水率（S-DRY 等）、锯厂编号与认证标志。
EN · A softwood grade stamp shows the grade, moisture (S-DRY), mill number, and certification.
p.90-91 · 外观等级分类 · Classification
外观级从 Select、Finish 到 Common（B&BTR 等）逐级放宽。
EN · Softwood appearance grades: Select, Finish, and Common (B&BTR) in descending order.

第4节 · 软木特性 · SECTION 4 · SOFTWOOD CHARACTERISTICS …… 92

p.92 · 节疤类型 · Type of knot
圆节、椭圆节、穗节按枝桠与树干夹角区分。
EN · Round knots are produced when the limb is cut at a right angle; oval at slightly more.
p.93 · 缺边（wane） · Wane
板边或板角带树皮或缺材谓之 wane，各级别有允许量。
EN · Wane is the presence of bark or a lack of wood on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber.
p.93 · 纵裂（shake） · Shake
沿年轮或穿过年轮的纵向分离，分轻中重三档。
EN · Shake is the lengthwise separation of the wood, usually between or through the annual growth rings.
p.93 · 端裂（split） · Split
木纤维完全贯穿板材的分离，多在端头，按长度分级。
EN · Splits are similar to checks except the separations extend completely through a piece, usually at the ends.
p.93 · 斑点（speck） · Speck
活树真菌致白色小坑，干燥环境不再扩展。
EN · Speck is caused by a fungus in the living tree and appears as small white pits or spots.

第5节 · 结构轻框架材 · SECTION 5 · STRUCTURAL LIGHT FRAMING LUMBER …… 94

p.94 · Select Structural · Select structural
结构材最高级，外观与强度刚度并重。
EN · Select structural is the highest grade, recommended where appearance is as important as strength and stiffness.
p.94 · No.1 · No. 1
外观次要于强度时的首选。
EN · When appearance is still important but secondary to strength, No. 1 grade is the best choice.
p.94 · No.2 · No. 2
一般建筑用结构材。
EN · No. 2 structural light framing lumber is used for general construction.
p.94 · No.3 · No. 3
强度不作为考量时的经济级。
EN · When strength is not a factor, No. 3 grade can be used.

第6节 · 饰面木料 · SECTION 6 · FINISH LUMBER …… 95

p.95 · Select：B&BTR、C、D · Select: B&BTR, C select, D select
C select 适合外观要求极高的工程。
EN · Lumber in the C select grade is recommended for projects where a fine appearance is essential.
p.95 · Common：No. 1, 2, 3 · Common: No. 1, 2, and 3
No.1 common 外观极佳但难以仓储保值， lumberyard 少有。
EN · You’re not likely to find No. 1 common at most lumberyards—it’s difficult to keep stored.

第7节 · 木材缺陷 · SECTION 7 · DEFECTS IN WOOD …… 96

p.97 · 矿物条纹与 stain · Stain
樱桃板上的矿物条纹勿与真菌变色混淆，后者为分级规则所允许。
EN · Mineral streaks should not be confused with stain, which occurs naturally in many species.
p.97 · 腐朽 · Decay
真菌条件适宜时侵害边材或心材，亦称 rot、dote、doze。
EN · Decay-producing fungi can attack either the sapwood or the heartwood; often referred to as rot or dote.
p.97 · 矿化纹（spalting） · Spalting
腐朽初期形成迷人褐黑zone lines，是图纹工坊的抢手料。
EN · Some woods attacked by decay develop an attractive dark brown or black staining known as spalting.

第8节 · 花纹 · SECTION 8 · FIGURE …… 98

p.98 · 射线斑（flake） · Ray fleck or flake
径切面上大射线构成的醒目花纹，亦称银光纹。
EN · The relatively large rays of some species form a conspicuous figure when the wood is quartersawn.
p.98 · 鸟眼纹 · Bird’s-eye
形成层内凹或突起留下的特征图纹，硬枫中最名贵。
EN · Indentations in the cambium leave behind a characteristic figure—most notably bird’s-eye in hard maple.
p.98 · 提琴背纹 · Fiddleback
波状纹理径切后呈现，因旧时用于提琴背板得名。
EN · Wavy grain results in fiddleback figure, so called because it was commonly used for the backs of violins.
p.99 · 叉桠纹 · Crotch
枝桠分叉处纹理交错， vivid 的羽状图案。
EN · Crotch figure comes from where limbs fork, with interlocking grain.
p.99 · 树瘤纹 · Burl
树干上疣状不规则生长，内部芽簇密布，花纹狂野。
EN · Burls are wartlike, irregular growths; inside the burl are tight clusters of buds.
p.99 · 条纹纹 · Stripe
交错纹径切后形成缎带状条纹，源于螺旋生长的周期性反转。
EN · Woods with interlocked grains produce a ribbon or stripe figure when quartersawn.

第5章 · 干燥木料 · CHAPTER 5 · DRYING LUMBER …… 100

第1节 · 水与木材 · SECTION 1 · WATER AND WOOD …… 102

p.102 · 什么是含水率 · What is moisture content?
含水率＝水重÷全干材重×100%，生材可远超 100%。
EN · Moisture content is the weight of water expressed as a percentage of the weight of oven-dry wood.
p.102 · 水如何储存 · How water is stored
自由水存于细胞腔，吸着水存于细胞壁，后者决定胀缩。
EN · Water is stored in the lumens (free water) and the cell walls (bound water).
p.102 · 胀缩速率表 · Shrinkage rates
按低/中/高三档列出赤杨、苹果木、黄杨、椴木、梣、榆等的运动幅度。
EN · A chart rating common woods low, moderate, or high for shrinkage.
p.103 · 干燥 · Dry
含水率跌破纤维饱和点后胞壁失水收缩、强度上升。
EN · As moisture content drops below the fiber saturation point, the cell walls shrink and the wood becomes stronger.
p.103 · 木材如何干燥 · How wood dries
表层细胞先失水，内外速率差是应力与开裂之源。
EN · The water in cell walls doesn’t leave all the cells at the same time—near the surface first.
p.104 · 平衡含水率 · Equilibrium moisture content
木材干到 8% 并非一劳永逸，它随环境不断吸放湿。
EN · Wood is constantly reacting to its environment by absorbing and releasing moisture.
p.104 · 相对湿度—EMC 对照表 · Relative humidity vs. EMC
相对湿度 90%→50% 对应 EMC 17-19%→9-10%。
EN · A chart of approximate equilibrium moisture content at 90% down to 50% relative humidity.

第2节 · 应对木材移动 · SECTION 2 · COPING WITH WOOD MOVEMENT …… 105

p.105 · 横封头 · Breadboard ends
封头纹理垂直故横动小，须留滑动量而非直接粘死。
EN · The grain of the end caps is perpendicular to the top, so they move much less—don’t glue them rigidly.
p.105 · 扣片（buttons） · Buttons
小裁口木块让桌面既固定又能横向伸缩。
EN · Buttons are small rabbeted blocks that attach a tabletop securely while allowing it to move.
p.105 · 网框 · Web frames
抽屉间用小网框替代实木板，轻量省钱且纹向合理。
EN · Savvy woodworkers use web frames instead of solid wood for the dividers between drawers.
p.106 · 双榫头 · Multiple tenons
围裙与腿的卯榫接合中，多个小榫分散应力。
EN · A small but important wood-movement challenge occurs whenever you join an apron to a leg with mortise-and-tenon joints.
p.106 · 浮动面板 · Floating panels
框板结构的面板入槽不胶，留出胀缩余地。
EN · A grooved frame accepts a thinner panel; early cabinetmakers learned to float it in the groove.
p.106 · 短榫加槽 · Stub tenon and groove
胶合板面板极稳，可直接胶进槽内。
EN · A different solution is a plywood panel—stable enough to glue into the grooves.

第3节 · 气干 · SECTION 3 · AIR-DRYING …… 107

p.107 · 基础 · Foundation
水泥板、旧钢轨都可以做堆基，关键是稳。
EN · Savvy mill owners build stable foundations for their stacks—cement slabs or old steel rails.
p.107 · 底层 · First layer
好坏搭配：底层与顶层用低质材。
EN · Mill owners use lower-quality wood on the bottom and top of the stack.
p.108 · 隔条 · Stickers
¾” 或 ⅞” 干木条每 16″ 一根，保证全面通风。
EN · Stickers are 3/4″- or 7/8″-thick strips of dry wood, placed every 16″ or so.
p.108 · 逐层上加 · Additional layers
选材搭配决定堆垛的成败与干燥均匀度。
EN · The sawmill owner needs to pick boards carefully to end up with a well-dried stack.
p.108 · 盖顶与压紧 · Cover and press
废料、胶合板加瓦楞铁皮盖顶，压重防翘。
EN · A cover is added to protect the stack from the elements and help prevent warp.

第4节 · 对付翘曲 · SECTION 4 · DEALING WITH WARP …… 109

p.109 · 去瓦形弯 · Removing cup
凹面朝下过平刨，四角落实即平。
EN · The simplest way to remove cup from a board is to use a jointer, with the concave face down.
p.109 · 去弓弯与收分 · Removing bow or taper
靠直线纵剖夹具把弯板锯直。
EN · Boards that are bowed or tapered can be straightened with a straight-line ripping jig.
p.109 · 去扭曲 · Removing twist
最棘手：先横截成短料，再逐段平刨找平。
EN · Twist is the toughest form of warp—crosscut the board into short sections, then joint one face flat.

第5节 · 自己气干木材 · SECTION 5 · AIR-DRYING YOUR OWN WOOD …… 110

p.110 · 选址，选址，还是选址 · Location, location, location
通风要均匀，别贴着建筑摆。
EN · You need a place that will provide good ventilation to the entire stack.
p.110 · 干燥速率表 · Drying-rate chart
按很慢（9-18 个月）到快（3-9 个月）分档列出红橡、白蜡、椴木等。
EN · A chart classifying woods from very slow (9-18 months) to rapid (3-9 months) air-drying.
p.111 · 堆垛 · The stack
底层用较差板，每 16″ 一支点。
EN · Use lower-quality boards for the first layer and support the boards every 16″.
p.111 · 封头 · Sealing the ends
生材封护剂、乳胶漆或白胶厚涂端头。
EN · Brush on a generous coat of green wood sealer, latex house paint, or white glue on the ends.
p.111 · 隔条 · Stickers
隔条须干、须同尺寸，层间通风全靠它。
EN · Stickers are inserted between layers so air can circulate freely on all surfaces.

第6节 · 窑干木料：除湿 · SECTION 6 · KILN-DRIED LUMBER: DEHUMIDIFICATION …… 112

p.112 · 除湿窑干原理 · Dehumidification kiln
原理同家用除湿机：空气过冷凝器析出水汽排走，数周后含水率降至 6%~8% 出窑。
EN · A dehumidification kiln works on the same principle as a home dehumidifier—moisture condenses and is drained away.
p.112 · 探针监控 · Probes
堆中有缺陷的板上钻孔埋探针，多探头可分材种同时跟踪。
EN · The kiln operator drills a small hole in a defective board to accept the probe tip and monitors multiple probes.

第7节 · 窑干木料：蒸汽 · SECTION 7 · KILN-DRIED LUMBER: STEAM …… 113

p.113 · 大建筑 · Big buildings
蒸汽窑是内部气候可精密调控的大型建筑。
EN · Steam kilns are really just large buildings where the internal climate can be altered and monitored.
p.113 · 干燥基准表 · Kiln schedules
林产品学会《商用木材干燥基准》覆盖 500 余材种。
EN · The Forest Products Society publishes dry kiln schedules for over 500 commercial woods.
p.114 · 试样板 · Sample boards
定期从堆中取试样板测含水率跟踪干燥进程。
EN · The kiln operator periodically measures the moisture content using sample boards.
p.114 · 调质与平衡处理 · Treatments
终了调质（equalizing）抹平含水率差，喷蒸（conditioning）释放应力。
EN · Equalizing reduces moisture spread between boards; conditioning relieves stress.
p.114 · 落堆 · Dead stack
出窑抽隔条平地实堆，待其缓慢回潮。
EN · The wood is removed from the kiln, the stickers removed, and the lumber is “dead” stacked.

第8节 · 建造太阳能窑 · SECTION 8 · BUILDING A SOLAR KILN …… 115

p.115 · 太阳能窑建造 · Building a solar kiln
借日光加速干燥：白天吸热、夜间芯部水分外移；恒温 80°F 启风扇散热，顶部用玻璃或透明波纹板。
EN · A solar kiln uses heat from the sun to accelerate drying; a thermostatically controlled fan turns on above 80°F.

第9节 · 干燥缺陷 · SECTION 9 · DRYING DEFECTS …… 116

p.116 · 表裂硬化（case-hardening） · Case-hardening
表层干太快留下永久应力，锯时夹锯、锯缝闭合。
EN · Case-hardening occurs when the surface of the wood dries too rapidly, leaving permanent set and stresses.
p.116 · 端裂 · End checks
板端比内部干得快，产生端裂与端头劈裂。
EN · When the ends of boards dry faster than the rest of the wood, end checks and end splitting result.
p.116 · 表裂 · Surface checks
表层干速远超芯材时的射线向开裂，靠前期高湿避免。
EN · Surface checking appears when the surface dries too rapidly in relation to the core.
p.117 · 蜂巢裂 · Honeycomb
严重表裂硬化的内裂后果，芯部拉伸应力所致。
EN · Honeycombing occurs when lumber undergoes severe case-hardening—internal checking from excessive tensile stress.

第10节 · 使用湿度计 · SECTION 10 · USING A MOISTURE METER …… 117

p.117 · 湿度计使用 · Using a moisture meter
针式/无针式仪表即测即得，购材验货必备。
EN · A moisture meter gives an instant reading of wood moisture content.

第6章 · 购买与贮存木料 · CHAPTER 6 · BUYING AND STORING LUMBER …… 118

第1节 · 估算木料 · SECTION 1 · ESTIMATING LUMBER …… 120

p.120 · 零件清单估算法 · Estimating lumber
按零件表（如书柜侧板、搁板、顶底撑）汇总板英尺，宁多勿少。
EN · Estimate lumber by listing parts (sides, shelves, braces) and summing board feet.
p.121 · 备料精选 · Best selection
多买一两倍料才有挑选余地，好配纹、好取舍。
EN · Having extra wood allows you to pick and choose the best wood for a part.

第2节 · 特殊部件 · SECTION 2 · SPECIAL PARTS …… 122

p.123 · 以木纹为设计元素 · Grain as a design element
为门芯、抽屉面等显眼部件预留优级材。
EN · Set aside the best boards for prominent parts like door panels and drawer fronts.

第3节 · 省钱 · SECTION 3 · SAVING MONEY …… 124

p.124 · 普通级也够用 · Common boards
No.1/2 common 利润薄，材场罕有；净料率与价格的账要算清。
EN · Many lumberyards don’t sell No. 1 or No. 2 common hardwood—they don’t make money on it.
p.124 · FAS 短料 · FAS “shorts”
12~16 英尺 FAS 长板的折扣截断，4~6 英尺一段。
EN · FAS “shorts” are discount cutoffs of longer boards, typically 4 to 6 feet long.
p.125 · Selects 替代 FAS · Selects
一面 FAS 一面 No.1 common，单面可见处最划算。
EN · A select board is FAS on one side and No. 1 common on the other, at less cost.
p.125 · 窄料无所谓 · Narrow stock
“窄 FAS”不是等级——FAS 最小宽度就是 6 英寸。
EN · “Narrow” FAS is a misnomer: the minimum width of an FAS board is 6 inches.

第4节 · 微薄木料 · SECTION 4 · MICRO-THIN LUMBER …… 125

p.125 · 微薄木料 · Micro-thin lumber
以横截代纵剖可得到极薄而窄的料，适合镶嵌与线条。
EN · Micro-thin lumber is sliced very thin for inlay and banding.

第5节 · 挑选木料 · SECTION 5 · SELECTING LUMBER …… 126

p.126 · 第一遍：剔翘曲 · First pass
先淘汰带弓弯、扭曲的板，靠傍板一比即知。
EN · The first thing I do is eliminate warped wood—any board with crook is evident next to a straight board.
p.126 · 配色 · Color matching
留两三倍于所需的料，由深至浅排队选配。
EN · Set aside two to three times as many boards as needed and sort them from dark to light.
p.126 · 查边材 · Check for sapwood
只要心材者须逐块检查边材比例。
EN · Depending on the wood, sapwood may or may not be a concern.
p.127 · 看木纹 · Best grain
细看每板纹理，为特殊部件挑宽纹优材。
EN · Finally, inspect each board carefully for grain patterns and pick out boards for special parts.
p.127 · 节疤与缺边 · Knots and wane
精选 FAS 时不必逐块查节疤、wane。
EN · Checking for knots and wane isn’t one of the selection criteria for graded FAS lumber.

第6节 · 检查扭曲 · SECTION 6 · CHECKING FOR TWIST: WINDING STICKS …… 127

p.127 · 测扭棒查扭曲 · Winding sticks
板两端各置一根等高长条，搭眼一瞄即知扭没扭。
EN · A pair of winding sticks reveals twist at a glance.

第7节 · 一般存放 · SECTION 7 · GENERAL STORAGE …… 128

p.128 · 先适应环境 · Allow to acclimatize
气干窑干都要先在工坊放够时间再动刀。
EN · Whether air-dried or kiln-dried, lumber must acclimatize to shop conditions before you work on it.
p.128 · 必要时重新隔条 · Sticker if necessary
初含水率高于 12% 时，车间内重新隔条加速平衡。
EN · If the initial moisture content is high, help the process along by re-stickering the wood in the shop.
p.128 · 必要时立放 · Store vertically if necessary
空间紧时可临时立堆，下垫废料隔地气。
EN · If storage space is tight, you can temporarily store lumber by stacking it vertically.

第8节 · 头顶存放 · SECTION 8 · OVERHEAD STORAGE …… 129

p.129 · 头顶架 · Storage rack
一立柱两横臂，三四只挂上天花板或地板梁即可承重。
EN · The overhead storage rack has three parts: a vertical support and two arms.
p.129 · 利用梁间 · Cleats
梁间钉等距板条即存短料，注意防端头卡夹。
EN · The space between joists is perfect for storing cutoffs, spanned with cleats.
p.129 · 塑料管存小件 · Plastic pipe
短节塑料管吊挂销钉、镶嵌条等细小件。
EN · Store small or delicate wood parts like dowels or inlay overhead in short lengths of plastic pipe.

第9节 · 木料架 · SECTION 9 · LUMBER RACK …… 130

p.131 · 黑铁管柱 · Black pipe
30″ 黑铁管对锯，端部铣圆防刮手。
EN · Black pipe is sold in various lengths; round over the ends with a mill file.
p.131 · 弹力绳 · Elastic cords
16″ 中心距的立柱间配 14″ 弹力绳，取放短料最顺手。
EN · Elastic stretch-cords provide the most convenient access to cutoffs stored between studs.

第10节 · 板材架 · SECTION 10 · SHEET GOODS RACK …… 132

p.132 · 结构 · Construction
一张 ¾” 胶合板加两根 2×6 即可开料制作。
EN · You can make this rack with a single sheet of 3/4″ plywood and a couple lengths of 2×6.
p.133 · 安装挂条 · Attach mounting cleat
两英尺 2×2 挂条上墙，承重全靠它。
EN · The easiest way to attach the sheet goods rack to a wall is to use a mounting cleat.
p.133 · 装脚轮 · Add casters
两只承重脚轮让整架可推可拉。
EN · Install two heavy-duty casters rated to support the loaded rack.
p.133 · 装合页 · Install hinges
5″ 带式合页让架子可翻转收放。
EN · Support the rack with strap hinges attached to the wall cleat.

第7章 · 胶合板 · CHAPTER 7 · PLYWOOD …… 134

第1节 · 构造 · SECTION 1 · CONSTRUCTION …… 136

p.137 · 木条芯 · Lumber core
芯层可为软木或硬木，但同一张板不得混材种；有三类做法。
EN · The core can be either softwood or hardwood; mixing species within the core is not allowed.
p.137 · MDF/刨花板芯 · MDF or particleboard core
表面极平、边缘细腻，价格亲民。
EN · MDF- or particleboard-core plywood offers a very flat surface and smooth edges.
p.137 · 木皮芯 · Veneer core
强度与握钉力最优，至今仍是标准。
EN · Veneer-core plywood is still the standard, for its superior strength and screw-holding characteristics.

第2节 · 硬木面板木皮 · SECTION 2 · HARDWOOD FACE VENEERS …… 138

p.138 · 旋切 · Rotary
原木顶着大刀旋转，连续剥出整幅单板，产量最高。
EN · Rotary-sliced veneer is produced by pressing a knife against a rotating log.
p.138 · 平切（plain-sliced） · Plain-sliced
刀与木心平行进给，最内圈年轮形成猫眼纹。
EN · When veneer is plain-sliced or flat-cut, the knife cuts parallel to the center of the log.
p.138 · 径切（quarter-sliced） · Quarter-sliced
垂直年轮下刀，纹理直匀，白橡等显现射线斑。
EN · Quarter-slicing results in straight, uniform grain; in some species it shows ray fleck.
p.138 · 半圆切 · Half-round
旋切与平切的折中，纹样更美观。
EN · Half-round slicing is a combination of rotary and plain slicing, creating more attractive patterns.

第3节 · 拼花如何影响外观 · SECTION 3 · HOW MATCHING AFFECTS APPEARANCE …… 139

p.139 · 对花（book-match） · Book-match
相邻单板翻面对拼，纹样如书页展开般对称连续。
EN · When alternating pieces of veneer are turned over so adjacent edges meet, the pattern is a book-match.
p.139 · 顺花（slip-match） · Slip-match
单板依次顺接，纹样重复但接缝处纹理不连续。
EN · A slip-match joins successively cut veneers in sequence, producing a repeating figure.
p.140 · 乱花 · Random match
低等级单板不讲究顺序与对位。
EN · On random-matched faces, no attention is paid to the sequence or placement of veneers.
p.140 · 悦目配（pleasing match） · Pleasing match
只求颜色协调，不苛求纹理对应。
EN · A pleasing match matches up the color of each veneer piece, but not necessarily the grain.

第4节 · 在胶合板厂 · SECTION 4 · AT THE PLYWOOD MILL …… 141

p.141 · 旋切机与上料 · Lathe and charger
80%~90% 的单板出自旋切；刀与卡车的速度决定厚度。
EN · Some 80% to 90% of all veneer is cut by the rotary lathe method.
p.141 · 旋切单板剪裁 · Rotary veneer clipper
红外扫描定位缺陷并剪除，按幅宽裁齐。
EN · The green veneer ribbon passes over an infrared scanner that identifies voids and defects.
p.141 · 旋切单板干燥 · Rotary veneer dryer
热风循环隧道把生皮干到可胶合的含水率。
EN · Dryer chambers with heating elements and fans dry the veneer to a level compatible with gluing.
p.142 · 刨切机 · Slicer
装饰面皮不用旋切而用刨切，纹样更佳。
EN · Most decorative face veneers are cut into thin pieces on a slicer.
p.142 · 刨切皮干燥机 · Sliced-veneer dryer
与旋切皮同理，热风强制循环。
EN · The dryers for sliced veneer remove moisture to a level compatible with gluing.
p.142 · 横送拼接机 · Cross-feed splicer
不足幅宽的小皮干拼成整张，分胶带与无胶带两型。
EN · Less-than-full-sized sheets are joined together to form full sheets by splicers or taping machines.
p.143 · 涂胶机 · Glue spreader
芯层低等级皮过涂胶机双面上胶。
EN · Alternate lower-grade veneers for the core are fed through a glue spreader.
p.143 · 热压机 · Hot press
冷辊预平后送进热压，皮板合一。
EN · Heat and pressure turn separate sheets of veneer into plywood.
p.143 · 砂光 · Sander
定尺修边后逐张砂光，背面孔裂可修补。
EN · After the panels are trimmed to final size, they are graded and sanded.

第5节 · 硬木胶合板 · SECTION 5 · HARDWOOD PLYWOOD …… 144

p.144 · 类型 · Types
Technical、Type I、Type II 三种，差别在潮湿条件下的持胶能力。
EN · Three types—Technical, Type I, and Type II—differ in how well the plies stay together when exposed to moisture.
p.144 · 等级体系 · Hardwood plywood grades
面板分 AA、A、B、C……背板与内层各有等级。
EN · Grades from AA (best) down describe the characteristics allowed in each veneer or ply.
p.145 · 等级印记 · Grade stamps
印记五要素：面板等级字符、背板数字、材种、胶型、标准。
EN · There are five parts to the grade stamp: face grade, back grade, species, glue type, and standard.
p.145 · 采购建议 · Buying tips
用在看不见处的板，不必逐张挑双面完美。
EN · There’s no point sorting a stack of high-grade plywood to find a piece perfect on both faces when only one will show.

第6节 · 特种胶合板 · SECTION 6 · SPECIALTY PLYWOODS …… 146

p.146 · 高级多层板 · Premium plywood
层数更多、单层更薄，稳定性与强度俱佳。
EN · Premium plywood has more, thinner plies than standard plywood.
p.146 · 做夹具 · Jigs
少动多稳，做精密夹具的上选。
EN · Less movement and greater stability make premium plywood ideal for precise jigs.
p.146 · ApplePly · ApplePly
States Industries 的美国产高级多层硬木板商品名。
EN · ApplePly is the trade name for States Industries’ premium, American-made multilayer hardwood plywood.
p.147 · 弯曲胶合板 · Bending plywood
同向纹层可轻松弯曲，做曲面与箍桶。
EN · Bending plywood flexes easily and is available in 1/8″, 1/4″, and 3/8″ thicknesses.
p.147 · 预饰面胶合板 · Prefinished plywood
出厂即带完成面，省一道喷涂工序。
EN · Prefinished plywood comes with a factory-applied finish.

第7节 · 软木胶合板 · SECTION 7 · SOFTWOOD PLYWOODS …… 148

p.148 · 等级与用途 · Softwood plywood grades
面板皮分 A、B、C（ plugged ），另有覆面、衬底等用途级。
EN · Grade refers to face and back veneer quality (A-B, B-C), or intended end use such as Sheathing or Underlayment.
p.149 · APA 印记 · Grade stamps
未砂光板的等级列于 APA 标志之下，参数表随附。
EN · For unsanded panels, the panel grade is listed under the APA mark.
p.149 · 耐露等级 · Exposure durability
Exterior、Exposure 1、Exposure 2 三档分别对应长期室外至间歇潮湿。
EN · Three exposure classifications: Exterior, Exposure 1, and Exposure 2.
p.149 · 质量差异 · Quality
软木板由数十材种制成，面板清度差异极大。
EN · Softwood plywood is manufactured from dozens of species, and panel quality varies tremendously.

第8节 · 软木胶合板特性 · SECTION 8 · CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFTWOOD PLYWOOD …… 150

p.150 · 补丁 · Patches
A/B 级大节疤刨掉补足球形木塞，效果常不尽人意。
EN · Larger knots can be removed and filled with football-shaped wood patches.
p.150 · 填补 · Fill
小节疤、缝隙与边部空洞用合成木粉填平。
EN · Smaller knots, gaps, and minor surface imperfections are typically filled with synthetic wood filler.
p.150 · 空洞 · Voids
芯层质量差的板边洞可深达数英寸，是最大隐患。
EN · Voids are the biggest problem to watch out for in softwood plywood.

第9节 · 特种软木胶合板 · SECTION 9 · SPECIALTY SOFTWOOD PLYWOODS …… 151

p.151 · 中密度覆纸板 · Medium-density overlay (MDO)
无空洞 B 级板覆酚醛浸渍纸，油漆基材名品。
EN · MDO is basically a B-grade plywood free of voids with a smooth paper overlay on one or both faces.
p.151 · 外墙板 · Siding
V 槽、拉丝等表面处理丰富，T1-11 为代表。
EN · Softwood plywood siding is available with many surface treatments such as V-grooves or brushed textures.
p.151 · 防腐处理板 · Pressure-treated plywood
CCA 等防腐剂处理呈绿色，家具慎用。
EN · Pressure-treated lumber has been treated with a preservative, typically CCA, producing the familiar green tinge.

第8章 · 工程木制品 · CHAPTER 8 · ENGINEERED PRODUCTS …… 152

第1节 · 刨花板 · SECTION 1 · PARTICLEBOARD …… 154

p.154 · 特性 · Characteristics
重、平、较稳、便宜，¾” 厚一张近百磅。
EN · Particleboard is heavy, flat, fairly stable, and inexpensive.
p.154 · 注意事项 · Cautions
毕竟是木，仍随湿度胀缩；边缘吃不住大力。
EN · Particleboard is still made of wood and can react to changes in relative humidity.
p.155 · 台面 · Countertops
覆膜台面的芯材天然之选。
EN · Particleboard is a natural core for laminate-covered countertops.
p.155 · 基材 · Substrate
覆纸、木皮、三聚氰胺贴面皆平整服帖。
EN · Particleboard makes a great substrate for laminate, veneer, and melamine.
p.155 · 三聚氰胺贴面 · Melamine
双面覆薄塑料层，耐磨易洁。
EN · Melamine is particleboard with a thin layer of plastic applied to both sides.

第2节 · 在刨花板厂 · SECTION 2 · AT THE PARTICLEBOARD PLANT …… 156

p.156 · 原料 · Raw material
削片机、锤磨机、环刨机先把原木打成碎片。
EN · Mills use a combination of chippers, hammermills, ring flakers, and ring mills to reduce logs to chips.
p.156 · 干燥 · Drying
最关键工序之一：颗粒含水率须降到 2%~7% 才好上胶。
EN · To achieve a good bond during forming, the moisture content of the particles needs to be around 2% to 7%.
p.156 · 拌胶 · Blending
干颗粒与脲醛树脂（6%~9%）及石蜡同拌。
EN · Dry particles are mixed with binders—most commonly urea-formaldehyde resin at 6% to 9%.
p.157 · 铺装 · Forming
拌好料铺成均匀板坯，多数先冷压定型。
EN · Blended particles are laid down into an even mat; most mats are cold-pressed first.
p.157 · 热压 · The hot press
多层压机或连续压机，脲醛胶温度约 300°F+。
EN · Two common types of hot presses are platen and continuous.
p.157 · 砂光 · Sanding
修边定尺后砂到最终厚度。
EN · Boars are trimmed to size, then sanded to final thickness.

第3节 · 中密度纤维板 · SECTION 3 · MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARD …… 158

p.158 · 特性 · Features
无纹理方向的 MDF 随湿度变动小于 0.1%，稳得出奇。
EN · Since there’s no grain, MDF moves less than 0.1% with changes in relative humidity.
p.158 · 重量 · Weight
¾” 厚一张约 100 磅，别独自搬抬切割。
EN · A standard sheet of 3/4″-thick MDF weighs around 100 pounds.
p.158 · 标准幅面 · Standard sizes
49″×97″，比贴面材多半英寸余量。
EN · The standard size for a sheet of MDF is 49″ × 97″, allowing a margin when gluing laminate.
p.159 · 均质边缘 · Homogenous edges
边部切铣利落不起绒，异形铣型名材。
EN · MDF’s homogenous edges allow sharp, clean edge-machining with minimal fuzzing.
p.159 · 吃漆好 · Takes paint well
底漆一两道面漆即光彩照人（多孔边注意封边）。
EN · Because the surface of MDF is smooth and dense, it takes paint very well.
p.159 · 优质基材 · Great substrate
家具业高级木皮、转印箔的首选基材。
EN · MDF is the premier substrate for high-grade veneer, thin vinyls, and resin-saturated papers.

第4节 · 与复合材料打交道 · SECTION 4 · WORKING WITH COMPOSITES …… 160

p.160 · 无纹理方向 · No grain
没有顺纹逆纹，崩茬少，也不存在纵切横切。
EN · You don’t have to worry about grain direction—there’s far less tear-out when routing.
p.160 · 硬质合金刀头 · Carbide blades and cutters
钢刀钝得快，务必用硬质合金。
EN · You can cut composites with standard steel blades, but they’ll dull quickly—use carbide.
p.160 · 防尘口罩 · Dust mask
MDF 粉尘两天就能把鼻窦堵满，集尘与口罩都不能少。
EN · Even with a dust mask and collector on, MDF dust can completely block your sinuses.
p.161 · 饼干榫接合 · Biscuit joiner
复合材料做不了燕尾榫，但饼干榫很合适。
EN · Composites don’t have the edge strength for box joints and dovetails, but work well for biscuit joinery.
p.161 · 封边 · Edge-banding
致密表皮与疏松芯的吸水差，须封边后再涂饰。
EN · Not all composites have homogenous edges—edge-banding is needed before finishing.
p.161 · 专用紧固件 · Special fasteners
改进螺纹的自攻钉在复合材料上咬合更牢。
EN · Most composites hold screws well; special screws have been developed to hold even better.

第5节 · 定向刨花板 · SECTION 5 · ORIENTED-STRAND BOARD …… 162

p.162 · 耐露等级 · Exposure classifications
APA 体系下仅 Exterior 与 Exposure 1 两档。
EN · OSB is made with two exposure ratings: Exterior and Exposure 1.
p.162 · 跨距与等级 · Grades and performance standards
按性能标准而非处方标准定级，一切以数据说话。
EN · OSB is rated by a performance standard rather than a prescriptive one.
p.162 · 跨度等级 · Span ratings
印记必带跨度等级，即支座中心距推荐英寸数。
EN · You’ll always find a span rating as part of the grade stamp.
p.163 · 印记解读 · What an OSB grade stamp will tell you
等级、厚度、跨度、认证号一串信息全在印记上。
EN · The grade stamp lists grade, thickness, span rating, and mill number.
p.163 · 做包装箱 · Crates
发货运作品首选 OSB 箱体。
EN · I’ve shipped a lot of handmade projects in crates made entirely of, or sided with, OSB.
p.163 · 做样模 · Mock-ups
设计阶段先用 OSB 打 1:1 样模最划算。
EN · OSB is also a great material to make mock-ups from when designing a new project.
p.164 · OSB 如何造出来 · How OSB is made
六大工序流程图：剥皮—干燥—拌胶—铺装—热压—砂光裁边。
EN · A six-step flow: debarking, drying, blending, forming, pressing, and finishing.

第6节 · 硬纤维板 · SECTION 6 · HARDBOARD …… 166

p.166 · 条纹 · Stripes
标准与服务回火板的区别不在颜色——颜色取决于材种。
EN · You can’t tell standard from service-tempered hardboard by color, which depends on the species.
p.166 · 华夫背还是光背 · Waffle or smooth?
选购时看清背面是华夫格还是双面光。
EN · Look for whether the hardboard is smooth on both sides or has a “waffle” back.
p.166 · 做夹具 · Jigs
薄板最宜抽屉底与夹具，⅛” 厚做滑条佳。
EN · Hardboard sheets are thin and ideal for drawer bottoms and jig making.

第7节 · 搬运板材 · SECTION 7 · TRANSPORTING SHEET STOCK …… 167

p.167 · 绳扣提板法 · Rope trick
绳索圈套底板两角，一人可平稳搬运。
EN · Tie a length of rope into a loop and place opposite ends under the two bottom corners of the panel.
p.167 · 板材小车 · Dolly
2×6 开槽装三轮，板材界的滑板。
EN · The dolly is a skateboard for sheet stock.
p.167 · 提手夹具 · Tote
自制提手让竖抱大板不再狼狈。
EN · A more elegant solution is to extend your arm by building a tote.

第9章 · 替代材料 · CHAPTER 9 · ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS …… 168

第1节 · 木皮 · SECTION 1 · VENEER …… 170

p.170 · 厚度与材种 · Veneer cut and typical species
1/28″~1/40″ 为常见厚度，更厚的用于胶合板芯板。
EN · Thin veneer is often called common or natural veneer; thicker veneers are cut for plywood inner cores.
p.170 · 刀痕裂 · Knife checks
刨切皮迎着锐角离开原木，会留下细微刀痕裂。
EN · As the veneer is forced away from the log at a sharp angle, tiny checks or cracks develop.
p.170 · 标准尺寸 · Standard sizes
树瘤、叉桠皮尺寸小而不规则，常需预拼。
EN · Burl veneer comes in irregular dimensions, from 6″ × 10″ to 16″ × 52″.
p.171 · 规格与计价 · Sizes
木皮按平方英尺卖，邮购商尽量满足指定尺寸。
EN · Common veneer is available in a wide variety of species and sizes and is sold by the square foot.
p.171 · 高花纹皮 · High-figure veneers
树瘤、叉桠、根部皮多小张或预拼张供应。
EN · Highly figured veneers usually come in small sizes or in preassembled sheets.

第2节 · 柔性木皮 · SECTION 2 · FLEXIBLE VENEER: PAPER AND PEEL-AND-STICK …… 171

p.171 · 纸背与自粘皮 · Paper-backed and peel-and-stick veneer
纸背柔性皮配万能胶最服帖，自粘皮一撕即贴。
EN · A paper backing provides support for the thin face veneer—perfect for use with contact cement.

第3节 · 自制木皮 · SECTION 3 · MAKE YOUR OWN VENEER …… 172

p.172 · 对花自制 · Book-matching
自剖木皮的最大乐趣：连续板可随意对花。
EN · Cutting my own veneer lets me book-match—consecutive sheets opened like the pages of a book.
p.172 · 带锯高靠山 · Bandsaw fence
两片 MDF 或胶合板拼成的高靠山托住工件。
EN · To cut veneer on a bandsaw you’ll need a tall fence to support the wood during the cut.
p.172 · 羽毛板 · Featherboard
三件式羽毛板把工件压紧在靠山上。
EN · A featherboard presses the workpiece firmly against the fence.
p.173 · 带锯调校 · Adjusting the bandsaw
剖料条 + 锋利锯条是薄皮不扭的前提。
EN · The blade must be the right type and sharp—½”-wide, 4-tooth-per-inch for resawing.
p.173 · 下锯 · Cutting veneer
匀速稳压，别催锯，慢是正常的。
EN · Use steady, even pressure—don’t force the cut, let the blade do the work.

第4节 · 故障排查：弓形与斜切 · SECTION 4 · TROUBLESHOOTING: BOW AND ANGLED CUT …… 173

p.173 · 弓形切（桶状切） · Bow cut
锯条张力或支撑不对，切面外鼓成 barrel。
EN · A bowed cut, or “barreling,” is usually the result of a blade that’s not tensioned or supported properly.
p.173 · 斜切 · Angled cut
台面与锯条不垂直所致。
EN · An angled cut is caused by a table that’s not square to the blade.

第5节 · 台锯上切木皮 · SECTION 5 · VENEER ON THE TABLE SAW …… 174

p.174 · 两刀法 · Two cuts
刀与靠山务必平行，第一刀过半、翻面第二刀。
EN · The saw blade must be perfectly parallel to the rip fence; cut slightly more than halfway, then flip.
p.174 · 零间隙嵌片 · Zero-clearance insert
零间隙嵌片托住薄皮末端防撕裂。
EN · A zero-clearance insert supports the thin veneer at the end of the cut.

第6节 · 木皮拼接图案 · SECTION 6 · VENEER TAPING PATTERNS …… 175

p.175 · 四分拼 · Quartermatching
根部、树瘤、叉桠皮最出效果的拼法。
EN · Quartermatching produces many fancy patterns, commonly used with butt, stump, and crotch veneers.
p.175 · 菱形拼 · Diamond
四分拼的流行变体，直纹无花材上最惊艳。
EN · Diamond-matching is a popular variation of quartermatching.
p.175 · 预拼技巧 · Matching tips
两面 8″×16″ 镜子就能推演各种拼花效果。
EN · Use a pair of mirrors to visualize matching patterns before cutting.

第7节 · 木皮加工 · SECTION 7 · WORKING WITH VENEER …… 176

p.176 · 固定木皮 · Securing the veneer
双面地毯胶带把薄皮贴上垫板再作业。
EN · Secure the veneer with double-sided carpet tape.
p.176 · 刨平 · Planing
无高花的皮可用锋利平刨轻刮找平，剪切角进刀。
EN · For woods that aren’t highly figured, a well-sharpened jack plane will quickly level the surface.
p.176 · 刮平 · Scraping
高花纹皮改用刮刀，崩茬风险更低。
EN · If the veneer is highly figured, use a scraper to flatten and smooth.
p.177 · 万能胶 · Contact cement
小面积可刷、大面积用短毛滚筒；多孔基材至少两遍。
EN · It’s best to roll contact cement on larger surfaces; apply at least two coats on porous substrates.
p.177 · 辊压贴合 · Pressing with a roller
胶膜泛光即可合，大皮隔木销定位防错贴。
EN · Once the contact cement has set up, it’s ready for bonding.
p.177 · 裁边 · Trimming
美工刀或木皮锯修边，毛边用砂纸轻蹭。
EN · Trim excess veneer with a utility knife or a veneer saw.

第8节 · 替代硬木 · SECTION 8 · ALTERNATIVE HARDWOODS …… 178

p.178 · 另辟蹊径选硬木 · Alternative hardwoods
橡樱桃枫胡桃之外，local 小厂与冷门材种值得一试。
EN · When choosing wood for a project, consider more than the old standbys of oak, cherry, maple, and walnut.
p.178 · 异域替代材 · Exotic alternatives
信息不足与”没名气”是用 exotic 的两大门槛。
EN · The biggest stumbling blocks to using alternative hardwoods are lack of information and prestige.
p.179 · 本地替代材 · Domestic alternatives
附近小厂自锯本地树，价格通常远低于商品材。
EN · Small mills in your area can supply local woods that are usually a lot cheaper.
p.179 · 以白蜡仿橡 · Ash for oak
便宜好味易加工，染色后酷似红橡白橡。
EN · Ash is inexpensive, smells great, and can be stained to look just like oak.
p.179 · 以桦仿枫或樱 · Birch for maple or cherry
黄桦与硬枫同硬，染色后逼近樱桃。
EN · Birch is just as hard as hard maple or cherry and, when stained, can closely resemble cherry.
p.179 · 杨木与软枫做辅材 · Poplar and soft maple
抽屉侧板、背板等次要部件的经济选择。
EN · Poplar and soft maple work well for “secondary” parts like drawer sides and backs.

第9节 · 回收木材 · SECTION 9 · RECLAIMED WOOD …… 180

p.180 · 原料来源 · Raw material
旧谷仓与待拆工业建筑是回收公司的主要来源。
EN · The primary sources are old barns and other industrial buildings scheduled for demolition.
p.180 · 探金属 · Checking for metal
回收料钉子多，复锯前必须逐根探金属。
EN · Reclamation companies check their logs for metal before resawing.
p.181 · 锯切大料 · Cutting the timbers
风化大梁第一刀就见真章。
EN · As soon as the first cut is made, you’re faced with gorgeous wood.
p.181 · 刨光 · Planing
匀干板上压刨，可同时出榫簧企口。
EN · The uniformly dry boards are moved to the planer for surfacing, which can also cut tongue and groove.
p.181 · 成品 · Finished product
清光滑面带着天然钉眼等印记，材种因梁而异。
EN · The resulting product is clear, smooth flooring with natural and man-made characteristics such as random nail holes.

第10节 · 非木产品 · SECTION 10 · NON-WOOD PRODUCTS …… 182

p.182 · 酚醛塑料板 · Phenolic
纸基树脂高压板，极稳不随湿度变形，夹具名材。
EN · Phenolic is very strong and durable, made of paper and resins—terrific for jig making.
p.182 · 塑料贴面 · Laminate
Formica/Wilsonart 类塑料贴面，台面不朽之选。
EN · Plastic laminate—often called Formica or Wilsonart—is nearly indestructible for surfaces.
p.183 · 透明塑料 · Clear plastic
聚碳酸酯或亚克力做透防护板，安全笆必备。
EN · Sheets of clear plastic (polycarbonate or acrylic) make see-through guards.
p.183 · 户外替代品 · Outdoor alternatives
户外家具可用塑木与复合板材替代真木。
EN · Outdoor alternatives include plastic-wood composites and engineered panels.

致谢 · ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …… 4

p.4 · 致谢名单 · Acknowledgments
感谢摄影、行业协会、IWCS 网络、锯木厂与家人的支持。
EN · The author thanks photographers, industry associations, the IWCS network, sawmills, and family.

引言 · INTRODUCTION …… 5

p.5 · 作者的话 · Introduction
“要加工木材，你必须理解木材”——本书写作缘起。
EN · “To work wood, you have to understand it.”

附录 · 木材的危害 · APPENDIX: HAZARDS OF WOOD …… 184

p.184 · 木材危害概说 · Hazards of wood
部分木材的汁液与粉尘可致敏、过敏甚至鼻窦癌（潜伏期 40~45 年）。
EN · Sap and wood dust can cause hypersensitivity, allergic reactions, and respiratory problems.
p.184 · 粉尘控制 · Dust control
优质筒式防尘口罩加集尘器，有粉尘处必戴。
EN · Always wear a high-quality cartridge-type dust mask and use dust collectors.
p.184-185 · 危害树种表 · Irritation chart
按山毛榉、桦木、可可菠萝、乌木、柚木等列出刺激源与反应类型及强度（1~4 级）。
EN · A chart listing beech, birch, cocobolo, ebony, teak and more, with source, reaction type, and potency.

资源 · SOURCES …… 186

p.186 · 行业协会与厂商 · Sources and information
林产品学会、复合板协会、结构板协会、NHLA、WWPA、APA、HPVA、States Industries，以及 Constantine’s、Rockler、Woodcraft、Woodworker’s Supply 等邮购渠道与锯木机厂商（Granberg、Logosol、Timberking、Woodmizer）联络方式。
EN · Industry associations, mail-order wood suppliers, and sawmill manufacturers with contact details.

术语表 · GLOSSARY …… 187

p.187-189 · 86 条木工术语 · 86 glossary entries
A~W 字母序收录气干材、年轮、形成层、纤维饱和点、四分制、比重、平衡含水率、窑干、应力木、翘曲等术语定义。
EN · An A-to-Z glossary of 86 terms from air-dried lumber and annual growth ring to warp.

索引 · INDEX …… 190

p.190-193 · 总索引 · Index
按字母与主题（树种拉丁名、章主题、技术名词）编排的总索引。
EN · An alphabetical index keyed to species names, chapter topics, and technical terms, cross-referenced by page.

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Woodworker’s Guide to Wood – 木工木材指南